{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404101388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769","title":"Meta-Scanner: Detecting Fault Attacks via Scanning FPGA Designs Metadata","display_name":"Meta-Scanner: Detecting Fault Attacks via Scanning FPGA Designs Metadata","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404101388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040426334","display_name":"Hassan Nassar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Nassar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-8997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022816225","display_name":"Jonas Krautter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7492-5319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139189","display_name":"Hesse (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/041ppys11","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139189"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Krautter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wiesbaden, Hessen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066227499","display_name":"Lars Bauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-4594"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Bauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe, Baden WÃijrttemberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0253-4594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe, Baden WÃijrttemberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026813167","display_name":"Dennis R. E. Gnad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2839-4692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Gnad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064445713","display_name":"Mehdi B. Tahoori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-5610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Tahoori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-5610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508488","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computer Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90098401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"11","first_page":"3443","last_page":"3454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.8838381171226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scanner","display_name":"Scanner","score":0.7367537021636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6998246908187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6841504573822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45577573776245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4418385922908783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35266780853271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21425825357437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18835720419883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06967651844024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.05286946892738342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.8838381171226501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.7367537021636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6998246908187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6841504573822021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45577573776245117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4418385922908783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35266780853271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21425825357437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18835720419883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06967651844024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.05286946892738342}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3443769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973115070","https://openalex.org/W2142047467","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2187802606","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2761003783","https://openalex.org/W2787183097","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2798781612","https://openalex.org/W2895262926","https://openalex.org/W2934754865","https://openalex.org/W2966980899","https://openalex.org/W2973780393","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3003952881","https://openalex.org/W3009761835","https://openalex.org/W3036146501","https://openalex.org/W3093938463","https://openalex.org/W3104422614","https://openalex.org/W3162298623","https://openalex.org/W3172633794","https://openalex.org/W3181637428","https://openalex.org/W3183712254","https://openalex.org/W3184341738","https://openalex.org/W3190249143","https://openalex.org/W3199392395","https://openalex.org/W4200501761","https://openalex.org/W4240661676","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W4283771693","https://openalex.org/W4285414020","https://openalex.org/W4367721722","https://openalex.org/W4393576663","https://openalex.org/W4399396328","https://openalex.org/W6687070517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058118494","https://openalex.org/W2392768766","https://openalex.org/W2382021449","https://openalex.org/W2095118173","https://openalex.org/W2106424170","https://openalex.org/W1985426483","https://openalex.org/W2501188010","https://openalex.org/W4299935056","https://openalex.org/W2010935248","https://openalex.org/W2768810474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,9,21,33,37,59,67,84,90,93,97,112,124,139,142,167,171,194,198,213],"rise":[2],"of":[3,17,92,141,166,189],"big":[5],"data,":[6],"processing":[7],"in":[8,20,66],"cloud":[10,22,52,94,113],"has":[11],"become":[12],"more":[13],"significant.":[14],"One":[15],"method":[16],"accelerating":[18],"applications":[19],"is":[23],"to":[24,31,45,58,63,74,96,105,111,127,178],"use":[25,64],"field":[26],"programmable":[27],"gate":[28],"arrays":[29],"(FPGAs)":[30],"provide":[32],"needed":[34],"acceleration":[35],"for":[36,123],"user-specific":[38],"applications.":[39],"Multitenant":[40],"FPGAs":[41,71],"are":[42,72],"a":[43,121,180],"solution":[44],"increase":[46],"efficiency.":[47],"In":[48,116],"this":[49,117],"case,":[50],"multiple":[51],"users":[53],"upload":[54],"their":[55],"accelerator":[56],"designs":[57,131,152],"same":[60],"FPGA":[61,130,151],"fabric":[62],"them":[65],"cloud.":[68],"However,":[69],"multitenant":[70],"vulnerable":[73],"low-level":[75],"denial-of-service":[76],"attacks":[77,210],"that":[78,153],"induce":[79],"excessive":[80],"voltage":[81],"drops":[82],"using":[83],"legitimate":[85],"configurations.":[86],"Through":[87],"such":[88],"attacks,":[89],"availability":[91],"resources":[95],"nonmalicious":[98],"tenants":[99],"can":[100,132],"be":[101,133],"hugely":[102],"impacted,":[103],"leading":[104],"downtime":[106],"and":[107,148,160],"thus":[108],"financial":[109],"losses":[110],"service":[114],"provider.":[115],"article,":[118],"we":[119,184],"propose":[120],"tool":[122],"offline":[125],"classification":[126],"identify":[128,159],"which":[129,201],"malicious":[134,156],"during":[135],"operation":[136],"by":[137,212],"analysing":[138],"metadata":[140,168],"bitstream":[143,172],"generation":[144,173],"step.":[145,174],"We":[146,158],"generate":[147],"test":[149],"475":[150],"include":[154],"38%":[155],"designs.":[157],"extract":[161],"five":[162],"relevant":[163],"features":[164],"out":[165],"provided":[169],"from":[170],"Using":[175],"ten-fold":[176],"cross-validation":[177],"train":[179],"random":[181],"forest":[182],"classifier,":[183],"achieve":[185],"an":[186],"average":[187],"accuracy":[188],"97.9%.":[190],"This":[191],"significantly":[192],"surpasses":[193],"conservative":[195],"comparison":[196],"with":[197],"state-of-the-art":[199],"approaches,":[200],"stands":[202],"at":[203],"84.0%,":[204],"as":[205],"our":[206],"approach":[207],"detects":[208],"stealthy":[209],"undetectable":[211],"existing":[214],"methods.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}