{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401070659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679","title":"Tri-HD: Energy-Efficient On-Chip Learning With In-Memory Hyperdimensional Computing","display_name":"Tri-HD: Energy-Efficient On-Chip Learning With In-Memory Hyperdimensional Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401070659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039571679","display_name":"Weihong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-3353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079372283","display_name":"Saransh Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5814-3934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saransh Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","IBM Research, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research - Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037764180","display_name":"Justin Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7921-2561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I226560621","display_name":"California State University, San Marcos","ror":"https://ror.org/01j8e0j24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I226560621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, California State University, San Marcos, CA, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, California State University, San Marcos, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I226560621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114198868","display_name":"Xincheng Shen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xincheng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033221192","display_name":"Mohsen Imani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-0622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Imani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029850946","display_name":"Bar\u0131\u015f Ak\u015fanl\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-9061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26538001","display_name":"San Diego State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0264fdx42","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Aksanli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26538001"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025573294","display_name":"Tajana Rosing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-997X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tajana Rosing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039571679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8351,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72681071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"2","first_page":"525","last_page":"539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.613879382610321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5109955072402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4105033278465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3480149507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3237687945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12949320673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09831467270851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.05373379588127136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.613879382610321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5109955072402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4105033278465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3480149507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3237687945365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12949320673942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09831467270851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.05373379588127136}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3435679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578783943","https://openalex.org/W1969349120","https://openalex.org/W2020704360","https://openalex.org/W2025674646","https://openalex.org/W2048466306","https://openalex.org/W2061071837","https://openalex.org/W2063598276","https://openalex.org/W2066280488","https://openalex.org/W2068849277","https://openalex.org/W2070862086","https://openalex.org/W2081729575","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2407339173","https://openalex.org/W2476008461","https://openalex.org/W2583857261","https://openalex.org/W2613567208","https://openalex.org/W2750066038","https://openalex.org/W2771100829","https://openalex.org/W2790344283","https://openalex.org/W2799942529","https://openalex.org/W2895774650","https://openalex.org/W2897044384","https://openalex.org/W2900379535","https://openalex.org/W2945684349","https://openalex.org/W2966840517","https://openalex.org/W2967927776","https://openalex.org/W2971801673","https://openalex.org/W2983032988","https://openalex.org/W3000934636","https://openalex.org/W3032819016","https://openalex.org/W3036618269","https://openalex.org/W3091786965","https://openalex.org/W3155004489","https://openalex.org/W4226353746","https://openalex.org/W4281961012","https://openalex.org/W4285086368","https://openalex.org/W4376132205","https://openalex.org/W4390097663","https://openalex.org/W6677342510","https://openalex.org/W6761991541"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,10,48,57,99,177],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"has":[5],"led":[6],"to":[7,37,59,109,167,237],"the":[8,46,55,97,104,111,142,163,175,238,255],"emergence":[9],"big":[11],"data.":[12,125],"Processing":[13,62],"this":[14,80],"data,":[15],"specially":[16],"in":[17,76,94,152,180],"learning":[18,35],"algorithms,":[19],"poses":[20],"a":[21,72,129],"challenge":[22],"for":[23,123,192],"current":[24],"embedded":[25],"computing":[26,31,88],"systems.":[27,78],"Brain-inspired":[28],"hyperdimensional":[29],"(HD)":[30],"reduces":[32,69],"several":[33],"complex":[34,144],"operations":[36],"simpler":[38],"bitwise":[39],"and":[40,121,136,156,217],"arithmetic":[41],"operations.":[42,160,171],"However,":[43],"it":[44],"requires":[45],"use":[47],"large":[49],"dimensional":[50],"vectors,":[51],"hypervectors,":[52],"further":[53],"increasing":[54],"amount":[56,176],"data":[58,70],"be":[60],"processed.":[61],"in-memory":[63,86,158,178],"(PIM)":[64],"enables":[65],"in-place":[66],"computation":[67],"which":[68],"movement,":[71],"major":[73],"latency":[74],"bottleneck":[75],"conventional":[77],"In":[79],"article,":[81],"we":[82],"propose":[83,128],"Tri-HD,":[84],"an":[85],"HD":[87,92,113,243,258],"architecture":[89,108,149],"that":[90,133,191],"performs":[91],"classification":[93,115],"memory.":[95],"To":[96],"best":[98],"authors\u2019":[100],"knowledge,":[101],"Tri-HD":[102,198,246],"is":[103,134,150],"first":[105],"ReRAM":[106],"PIM":[107,153],"implement":[110],"complete":[112],"computing-based":[114],"pipeline,":[116],"including":[117],"encoding,":[118],"training,":[119],"retraining,":[120],"inference":[122],"nonbinary":[124],"We":[126,161,172],"also":[127,173,247],"novel":[130],"distance":[131],"metric":[132],"PIM-friendly":[135],"provides":[137,199],"similar":[138],"application":[139],"accuracy":[140,253],"as":[141,235],"more":[143],"baseline":[145],"metric.":[146],"Our":[147,188],"proposed":[148],"enabled":[151],"by":[154,183],"fast":[155],"energy-efficient":[157],"logic":[159],"exploit":[162],"voltage":[164],"threshold-based":[165],"memristors":[166],"enable":[168],"single":[169],"cycle":[170],"increase":[174],"parallelism":[179],"our":[181],"design":[182],"segmenting":[184],"bitlines":[185],"using":[186,196],"switches.":[187],"evaluation":[189],"shows":[190],"all":[193],"applications":[194],"tested":[195],"HD,":[197],"on":[200],"average":[201],"<inline-formula":[202,219],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[203,210,220,227],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[204,211,221,228],"<tex-math":[205,212,222,229],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$434\\times":[206],"$":[207,214,224,231],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[208,225],"(<inline-formula":[209,226],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2170\\times":[213],"</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[215,232],"speedup":[216],"consumes":[218],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4114\\times":[223],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$26019\\times":[230],"less":[233],"energy":[234],"compared":[236],"CPU":[239],"while":[240],"running":[241],"end-to-end":[242],"training":[244],"(inference).":[245],"achieves":[248],"at":[249],"least":[250],"2.2%":[251],"higher-classification":[252],"than":[254],"existing":[256],"PIM-based":[257],"designs.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
