{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394966891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690","title":"Secure Delegated Variational Quantum Algorithms","display_name":"Secure Delegated Variational Quantum Algorithms","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394966891","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438883","display_name":"Qin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-3236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4610292","display_name":"Xiangtan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsfaz62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-3236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115601422","display_name":"Junyu Quan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4610292","display_name":"Xiangtan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xsfaz62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyu Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-8997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4610292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068084016","display_name":"Jinjing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-3340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinjing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0624-3340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764178","display_name":"Shichao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-2970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of MIMS, College of Computer Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9981-2970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of MIMS, College of Computer Science and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943753","display_name":"Xuelong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-946X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuelong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-946X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91159793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"10","first_page":"3129","last_page":"3142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9739999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9034000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5385684967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4908488392829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46439722180366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.4365207254886627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37327975034713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.2237626314163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2067515254020691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5385684967041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4908488392829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46439722180366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4365207254886627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37327975034713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2237626314163208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2067515254020691}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3391690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G10445490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5821709078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1736113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7197732045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7853147401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61836016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540143929","https://openalex.org/W1900181948","https://openalex.org/W1969408209","https://openalex.org/W1980152358","https://openalex.org/W2098611377","https://openalex.org/W2161685427","https://openalex.org/W2257937122","https://openalex.org/W2320968599","https://openalex.org/W2518441408","https://openalex.org/W2610451291","https://openalex.org/W2611841458","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2792946961","https://openalex.org/W2900089679","https://openalex.org/W2911265540","https://openalex.org/W2912395935","https://openalex.org/W2923370183","https://openalex.org/W2950843936","https://openalex.org/W3004965358","https://openalex.org/W3014386333","https://openalex.org/W3092977835","https://openalex.org/W3099734242","https://openalex.org/W3100931082","https://openalex.org/W3101874719","https://openalex.org/W3103263362","https://openalex.org/W3103650555","https://openalex.org/W3111162498","https://openalex.org/W3111701537","https://openalex.org/W3112432027","https://openalex.org/W3126863201","https://openalex.org/W3177342104","https://openalex.org/W3196335237","https://openalex.org/W3198770621","https://openalex.org/W3202675622","https://openalex.org/W3204075986","https://openalex.org/W4206634505","https://openalex.org/W4210583103","https://openalex.org/W4226030868","https://openalex.org/W4293812013","https://openalex.org/W4294690803","https://openalex.org/W4308480033","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6757866438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4353086852","https://openalex.org/W4223544695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Variational":[0],"quantum":[1,7,27,51,57,70,78,89,105,146,185],"algorithms":[2],"(VQAs)":[3],"can":[4,21,133],"train":[5,134],"parameterized":[6],"circuits":[8],"via":[9],"classical":[10],"optimizers":[11],"to":[12,16,80,87,107,115,148,171],"find":[13],"approximate":[14],"solutions":[15],"some":[17],"important":[18],"problems.":[19],"They":[20],"overcome":[22],"the":[23,45,54,82,94,125,135,139,165,173],"limitations":[24],"of":[25,44,84,159,168],"existing":[26],"technologies":[28],"only":[29],"allowing":[30],"for":[31,49,74,118,183],"a":[32,99,143,156],"few":[33],"qubits":[34],"and":[35,39,162],"small":[36],"circuit":[37,137],"depth":[38],"are":[40,129],"considered":[41],"as":[42,155],"one":[43],"most":[46],"promising":[47],"methods":[48],"achieving":[50],"advantages":[52],"in":[53],"noisy":[55],"intermediate-scale":[56],"(NISQ)":[58],"era.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"secure":[65],"delegated":[66,121,144,160,176],"VQAs":[67,86,122,161,177],"by":[68],"utilizing":[69],"homomorphic":[71],"encryption":[72],"(QHE)":[73],"users":[75],"with":[76],"limited":[77],"power":[79],"delegate":[81],"task":[83],"running":[85],"remote":[88],"servers":[90,106,132],"while":[91],"still":[92],"keeping":[93],"training":[95],"data":[96,112],"private.":[97],"Firstly,":[98],"client-friendly":[100],"QHE":[101,127],"scheme":[102,128],"that":[103],"allows":[104],"perform":[108],"calculation":[109],"on":[110,124,164],"encrypted":[111,140],"is":[113,153],"proposed":[114],"be":[116],"suitable":[117],"VQAs.":[119],"Then,":[120],"based":[123],"given":[126,154],"presented,":[130],"where":[131],"ansatz":[136],"using":[138],"data.":[141],"Finally,":[142],"variational":[145],"classifier":[147],"identify":[149],"handwritten":[150],"digit":[151],"images":[152],"specific":[157],"example":[158],"simulated":[163],"cloud":[166,186],"platform":[167],"Original":[169],"Quantum":[170],"show":[172],"feasibility.":[174],"Secure":[175],"will":[178],"provide":[179],"significant":[180],"technical":[181],"support":[182],"future":[184],"services.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
