{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394896893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542","title":"Cascade: An Application Pipelining Toolkit for Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays","display_name":"Cascade: An Application Pipelining Toolkit for Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Arrays","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394896893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008041651","display_name":"Jackson Melchert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-1603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jackson Melchert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047488927","display_name":"Yuchen Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-5994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039771746","display_name":"Kalhan Koul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6123-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalhan Koul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102796221","display_name":"Qiaoyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiaoyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090469068","display_name":"Mark Horowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3245-7542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Horowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029554261","display_name":"Priyanka Raina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8834-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Raina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008041651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57538619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"10","first_page":"3055","last_page":"3067"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascade","display_name":"Cascade","score":0.8113155364990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6686736345291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5810990333557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4157696068286896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.1305549442768097}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34146451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048094","display_name":"Cascade","level":2,"score":0.8113155364990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6686736345291138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5810990333557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4157696068286896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1305549442768097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3390542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315684","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974046032","https://openalex.org/W1996048930","https://openalex.org/W2023027709","https://openalex.org/W2166029537","https://openalex.org/W3018677999","https://openalex.org/W3169788481","https://openalex.org/W4243997082","https://openalex.org/W4284689293","https://openalex.org/W4286571734","https://openalex.org/W4310251122","https://openalex.org/W4327911471","https://openalex.org/W4366371058","https://openalex.org/W6600474103","https://openalex.org/W6604283553","https://openalex.org/W6630154184","https://openalex.org/W6664582254","https://openalex.org/W6673990620","https://openalex.org/W6693634651","https://openalex.org/W6799036578","https://openalex.org/W6853827751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2153719181","https://openalex.org/W1971748923","https://openalex.org/W1566155057","https://openalex.org/W2060986072","https://openalex.org/W2052574922","https://openalex.org/W64588465","https://openalex.org/W3120641340","https://openalex.org/W2117825986"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"coarse-grained":[1],"reconfigurable":[2],"arrays":[3],"(CGRAs)":[4],"have":[5],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,228],"promising":[8],"programmable":[9],"accelerator":[10,232],"architectures,":[11],"they":[12],"require":[13],"automatic":[14],"pipelining":[15,31,41,85,96,156],"of":[16,74,128,151,182,218],"applications":[17],"during":[18,95,132],"their":[19],"compilation":[20,70,162],"flow":[21],"to":[22,124,206],"achieve":[23],"high":[24,44],"performance.":[25],"Current":[26],"CGRA":[27,121,138,220],"compilers":[28],"either":[29],"lack":[30],"altogether":[32],"resulting":[33,42],"in":[34,43,98,120],"low":[35],"application":[36,59,84,143,155],"performance,":[37],"or":[38],"perform":[39],"exhaustive":[40],"power":[45],"and":[46,68,106,134,147,153,172,186,190,197,215,222],"resource":[47,111],"consumption.":[48],"We":[49],"address":[50],"these":[51],"challenges":[52],"by":[53],"proposing":[54],"Cascade,":[55],"an":[56,136,142,160],"end-to-end":[57,161],"open-source":[58],"compiler":[60,208],"for":[61,87,91],"CGRAs":[62,88,227],"that":[63,89,102,115],"achieves":[64,165],"both":[65],"state-of-the-art":[66],"performance":[67,214],"fast":[69],"times.":[71],"The":[72],"contributions":[73],"this":[75],"work":[76],"are:":[77],"(1)":[78],"a":[79,99,109,148,180,207],"novel":[80,154],"post":[81],"place-and-route":[82],"(PnR)":[83],"technique":[86,114],"accounts":[90],"interconnect":[92],"hop":[93],"delays":[94],"but":[97],"unique":[100],"way":[101],"avoids":[103],"cyclic":[104],"scheduling":[105,118],"place-and-route,":[107],"(2)":[108],"register":[110,129],"usage":[112],"optimization":[113],"leverages":[116],"the":[117,126,213],"logic":[119],"memory":[122],"tiles":[123],"minimize":[125],"number":[127],"resources":[130],"used":[131],"pipelining,":[133],"(3)":[135],"automated":[137],"timing":[139,144],"model":[140],"generator,":[141],"analysis":[145],"tool,":[146],"large":[149],"set":[150],"existing":[152,219],"techniques":[157],"integrated":[158],"into":[159,226],"flow.":[163],"Cascade":[164,211],"8":[166],"-34\u00d7":[167],"lower":[168,175,193,200],"critical":[169,194],"path":[170,195],"delay":[171,196],"7":[173],"-190\u00d7":[174],"energy-delay":[176],"product":[177],"(EDP)":[178],"across":[179],"variety":[181],"dense":[183],"image":[184],"processing":[185],"machine":[187],"learning":[188],"workloads,":[189,204],"3":[191],"-5.2\u00d7":[192,199],"2.5":[198],"EDP":[201],"on":[202],"sparse":[203],"compared":[205],"without":[209],"pipelining.":[210],"mitigates":[212],"energy-efficiency":[216],"drawbacks":[217],"compilers,":[221],"enables":[223],"further":[224],"research":[225],"flexible,":[229],"yet":[230],"competitive":[231],"architectures.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}