{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391128898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598","title":"AutoHoG: Automating Homomorphic Gate Design for Large-Scale Logic Circuit Evaluation","display_name":"AutoHoG: Automating Homomorphic Gate Design for Large-Scale Logic Circuit Evaluation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391128898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083017828","display_name":"Zhenyu Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3959-338X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085362338","display_name":"R. Q. Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3925-9607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3925-9607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052563154","display_name":"Qianyun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2147-4059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianyun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2147-4059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397162","display_name":"Zhou Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3871-2658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032444529","display_name":"Zian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-1155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065421587","display_name":"Song Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0467-6203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79962147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"7","first_page":"1971","last_page":"1983"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.6271917819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5850015878677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4691423773765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12666848301887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06563472747802734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.6271917819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5850015878677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4691423773765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12666848301887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06563472747802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2024.3357598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1637248431","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7684\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2322052668","display_name":"\u7a7a\u95f4\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u4fe1\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u5173\u952e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2873294194","display_name":"\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u865a\u62df\u79c1\u6709\u5b58\u50a8\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u5bc6\u7801\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504531889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB3106200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3770228593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5496764350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7389400501","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2241213","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G796454574","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8060741714","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u533a\u5757\u94fe\u7684\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61932011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677573721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1528837436","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W1985457698","https://openalex.org/W1994790157","https://openalex.org/W2007466965","https://openalex.org/W2007701500","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2105715355","https://openalex.org/W2126814059","https://openalex.org/W2129147175","https://openalex.org/W2142048307","https://openalex.org/W2150787480","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2159352256","https://openalex.org/W2176745559","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2400700555","https://openalex.org/W2524449277","https://openalex.org/W2612769338","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2885405362","https://openalex.org/W2942255051","https://openalex.org/W2945964968","https://openalex.org/W3003331030","https://openalex.org/W3031884657","https://openalex.org/W3092027738","https://openalex.org/W3116456096","https://openalex.org/W3117449869","https://openalex.org/W3134663857","https://openalex.org/W3147706417","https://openalex.org/W3176410512","https://openalex.org/W3200754280","https://openalex.org/W3211703447","https://openalex.org/W4237405987","https://openalex.org/W4239323126","https://openalex.org/W4281651141","https://openalex.org/W4285208040","https://openalex.org/W4293024101","https://openalex.org/W4295255690","https://openalex.org/W4308643074","https://openalex.org/W4400953596","https://openalex.org/W6678797189","https://openalex.org/W6784174431","https://openalex.org/W6787821148","https://openalex.org/W6796205639","https://openalex.org/W6851200777","https://openalex.org/W7067201269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W4256358502","https://openalex.org/W2625655658","https://openalex.org/W2771047361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"an":[1,68],"emerging":[2],"branch":[3],"of":[4,9,53,74,100,113,118,165],"research":[5],"in":[6,22,156],"the":[7,48,72,84,97,106,111,133,138,162],"field":[8],"fully":[10],"homomorphic":[11,27,38,54],"encryption":[12],"(FHE)":[13],"attracts":[14],"growing":[15],"attention,":[16],"where":[17],"optimizations":[18],"are":[19],"carried":[20],"out":[21,35],"developing":[23],"fast":[24],"and":[25,51,137],"efficient":[26],"logic":[28,101,166],"circuits.":[29,141],"While":[30],"existing":[31],"works":[32],"have":[33,57],"pointed":[34],"that":[36,81,144],"compound":[37,75],"gates":[39,76],"can":[40,89,150],"be":[41],"constructed":[42],"without":[43],"incurring":[44],"significant":[45],"computational":[46,157],"overheads,":[47],"exact":[49],"theory":[50],"mechanism":[52],"gate":[55,85],"design":[56],"not":[58],"yet":[59],"been":[60],"explored.":[61],"In":[62,105],"this":[63],"work,":[64],"we":[65,88,108,149],"propose":[66],"AutoHoG,":[67],"automated":[69],"procedure":[70],"for":[71,145],"generation":[73,86],"over":[77,103],"FHE.":[78,104],"We":[79,121,142],"show":[80,110,143],"by":[82],"formalizing":[83],"procedure,":[87],"adopt":[90],"a":[91,116],"match-and-replace":[92],"strategy":[93],"to":[94,125,153,161],"significantly":[95],"improve":[96],"evaluation":[98],"speed":[99],"circuits":[102,136,167],"experiment,":[107],"first":[109],"effectiveness":[112],"AutoHoG":[114,124],"through":[115],"set":[117],"benchmark":[119,135,140],"gates.":[120,170],"then":[122],"apply":[123],"optimize":[126],"common":[127],"Boolean":[128],"tasks,":[129],"including":[130],"adders,":[131],"multipliers,":[132],"ISCAS\u201985":[134],"ISCAS\u201989":[139],"various":[146],"circuit":[147],"benchmarks,":[148],"achieve":[151],"up":[152],"5.7\u00d7":[154],"reduction":[155],"latency":[158],"when":[159],"compared":[160],"state-of-the-art":[163],"implementations":[164],"using":[168],"conventional":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
