{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389665191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728","title":"General Purpose Deep Learning Accelerator Based on Bit Interleaving","display_name":"General Purpose Deep Learning Accelerator Based on Bit Interleaving","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389665191","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038647640","display_name":"Liang Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-5576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014244388","display_name":"Hang L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6233-3538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802974365","display_name":"Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gnagj68","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laborotary of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Shanghai Innovation Center for Processor Technologies, Shanghai, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laborotary of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Innovation Center for Processor Technologies, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398935","display_name":"Chenglong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-0749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100625561","display_name":"Xin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4623-9829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079092025","display_name":"Zhicheng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-5152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhicheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101440489","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2098-9621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023380073","display_name":"Xiaowei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0874-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802974365","display_name":"Shanghai Innovative Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gnagj68","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laborotary of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","Shanghai Innovation Center for Processor Technologies, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laborotary of Processors, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongguancun Laboratory, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Innovation Center for Processor Technologies, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802974365"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038647640"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72455559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"5","first_page":"1470","last_page":"1483"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaving","display_name":"Interleaving","score":0.827547013759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5836784839630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.5721060633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4781423807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4031812846660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3248312473297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12093773484230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.05669429898262024}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28034677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092530","display_name":"Interleaving","level":2,"score":0.827547013759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5836784839630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.5721060633659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4781423807144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4031812846660614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3248312473297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12093773484230042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.05669429898262024}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3342728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4682065674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62104025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5185755230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7874008062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125693051","https://openalex.org/W1191365092","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2541839172","https://openalex.org/W2607041014","https://openalex.org/W2707890836","https://openalex.org/W2769654144","https://openalex.org/W2798729263","https://openalex.org/W2819476901","https://openalex.org/W2895531329","https://openalex.org/W2904902077","https://openalex.org/W2928010249","https://openalex.org/W2931118404","https://openalex.org/W2949870694","https://openalex.org/W2962851801","https://openalex.org/W2962965870","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963306157","https://openalex.org/W2963367920","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2998470761","https://openalex.org/W3014447010","https://openalex.org/W3102015846","https://openalex.org/W3104962140","https://openalex.org/W4205729510","https://openalex.org/W4236868170","https://openalex.org/W4240168186","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6726275242","https://openalex.org/W6739917289","https://openalex.org/W6764273044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Along":[0],"with":[1,122],"the":[2,9,17,33,44,49,55,60,64,101,106,112,119,134,182,187,196],"rapid":[3],"evolution":[4],"of":[5,181],"deep":[6,130],"neural":[7],"networks,":[8],"ever-increasing":[10],"complexity":[11],"imposes":[12],"formidable":[13],"computation":[14],"intensity":[15],"on":[16,74,127],"hardware":[18],"accelerator.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"we":[23],"propose":[24],"a":[25,75],"novel":[26],"computing":[27],"philosophy":[28],"called":[29,37],"\u201cbit":[30],"interleaving\u201d":[31],"and":[32,39,81,96,116,163,173,198],"associate":[34],"accelerator":[35],"couple":[36],"\u201cBitlet\u201d":[38],"Bitlet-X":[40,108,188],"to":[41,62,85,139,152,170],"maximally":[42],"exploit":[43],"bit-level":[45],"sparsity.":[46],"Apart":[47],"from":[48,83,167],"existing":[50],"bit-serial/parallel":[51],"accelerators,":[52],"Bitlet":[53,67,90],"leverages":[54],"abundant":[56],"\u201csparsity":[57],"parallelism\u201d":[58],"in":[59,105],"parameters":[61],"enforce":[63],"inference":[65,95],"acceleration.":[66],"is":[68],"versatile":[69],"by":[70,99,195],"supporting":[71],"diverse":[72],"precisions":[73],"single":[76],"platform,":[77],"including":[78],"floating-point":[79],"32":[80],"fixed-point":[82,158],"1b":[84],"24b.":[86],"The":[87],"versatility":[88],"enables":[89],"feasible":[91],"for":[92,118,144,186],"both":[93],"efficient":[94],"training.":[97],"Besides,":[98],"updating":[100],"key":[102],"compute":[103],"engine":[104],"accelerator,":[107],"could":[109],"furthermore":[110],"improve":[111],"peak":[113,183],"power":[114,165,184],"consumption":[115,166],"efficiency":[117,142,185],"inference-only":[120],"scenario,":[121],"competitive":[123],"accuracy.":[124],"Empirical":[125],"studies":[126],"12":[128],"domain-specific":[129],"learning":[131],"applications":[132],"highlight":[133],"following":[135],"results:":[136],"(1)":[137],"up":[138,151],"81\u00d7/21\u00d7":[140],"energy":[141],"improvement":[143,180],"training/inference":[145],"over":[146,156,189],"recent":[147],"high-performance":[148],"GPUs;":[149],"(2)":[150],"15\u00d7/8\u00d7":[153],"higher":[154],"speedup/efficiency":[155],"state-of-the-art":[157],"accelerators;":[159],"(3)":[160],"1.5mm2":[161],"area":[162],"scalable":[164],"570mW":[168],"(fp32)":[169],"432mW":[171],"(16b)":[172],"365mW":[174],"(8b)":[175],"@28nm":[176],"TSMC;":[177],"(4)":[178],"1.3\u00d7":[179],"Bitlet;":[190],"(5)":[191],"highly":[192],"configurable":[193],"justified":[194],"ablation":[197],"sensitivity":[199],"studies.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
