{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386767014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","title":"Secure Run-Time Hardware Trojan Detection Using Lightweight Analytical Models","display_name":"Secure Run-Time Hardware Trojan Detection Using Lightweight Analytical Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386767014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/10251968.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/10251968.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032315743","display_name":"Burin Amornpaisannon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1511-345X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Burin Amornpaisannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1511-345X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086321890","display_name":"Andreas Diavastos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-4444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Diavastos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7139-4444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057413185","display_name":"Li-Shiuan Peh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-6519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li-Shiuan Peh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-6519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069683581","display_name":"Trevor E. Carlson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-134X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trevor E. Carlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8742-134X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Cluny Road, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8833,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91193916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"2","first_page":"431","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.9039440155029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7300867438316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6285606026649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5894901752471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.5872433185577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5558329224586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5265177488327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.4915846288204193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.48830580711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4625700116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45980775356292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19791138172149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.103371262550354}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.9039440155029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7300867438316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6285606026649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5894901752471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.5872433185577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5558329224586487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5265177488327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.4915846288204193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.48830580711364746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4625700116157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45980775356292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19791138172149658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.103371262550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/10251968.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktisis.cut.ac.cy:20.500.14279/33099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14279/33099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400897","display_name":"Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","host_organization_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3316113","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/10251968.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8543735149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NCR002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386767014.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386767014.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969241238","https://openalex.org/W1972541532","https://openalex.org/W1994870682","https://openalex.org/W2005841208","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2021653168","https://openalex.org/W2065891615","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2153456949","https://openalex.org/W2158631747","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2164705534","https://openalex.org/W2170892587","https://openalex.org/W2274193143","https://openalex.org/W2328080862","https://openalex.org/W2512692744","https://openalex.org/W2612667056","https://openalex.org/W2768690687","https://openalex.org/W2781484049","https://openalex.org/W2884267664","https://openalex.org/W2889804036","https://openalex.org/W2963506150","https://openalex.org/W2963578805","https://openalex.org/W3000731494","https://openalex.org/W3031089501","https://openalex.org/W3036561617","https://openalex.org/W3036926273","https://openalex.org/W3080484431","https://openalex.org/W3092361744","https://openalex.org/W3165701163","https://openalex.org/W4232751114","https://openalex.org/W4235106014","https://openalex.org/W4239813889","https://openalex.org/W6779824479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W1526642037","https://openalex.org/W4321062229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"Trojans,":[1],"malicious":[2],"components":[3],"that":[4,67,107,185],"attempt":[5],"to":[6,17,115,173,204],"prevent":[7],"a":[8,86,104,111,119,198,223],"chip":[9,56],"from":[10,110],"operating":[11],"as":[12,49],"expected,":[13],"are":[14,29,186],"carefully":[15],"crafted":[16],"circumvent":[18],"detection":[19,45],"during":[20,55],"the":[21,37,50,69,129,144,152,187],"pre-deployment":[22],"silicon":[23],"design":[24],"and":[25,39,58,90,220],"verification":[26],"stages.":[27],"They":[28],"an":[30,139],"emerging":[31],"threat":[32],"being":[33],"investigated":[34],"by":[35],"academia,":[36],"military,":[38],"industry.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"run-time":[42,217],"hardware":[43,65,76,175,192],"Trojan":[44,120],"is":[46,121],"critically":[47],"needed":[48],"final":[51],"layer":[52],"of":[53,190,227],"defense":[54],"deployment,":[57],"in":[59],"this":[60,100],"work,":[61,101],"we":[62,102,137],"focus":[63],"on":[64,143],"Trojans":[66],"target":[68,97],"processor\u2019s":[70],"performance.":[71],"Current":[72],"state-of-the-art":[73],"detectors":[74],"watch":[75],"counters":[77],"for":[78,95,131,164,181],"anomalies":[79],"using":[80],"complex":[81],"machine-learning":[82],"models,":[83],"which":[84],"require":[85],"dedicated":[87],"off-chip":[88],"processor":[89,123,158],"must":[91],"be":[92],"trained":[93],"extensively":[94],"each":[96,165],"processor.":[98],"In":[99],"propose":[103],"lightweight":[105],"solution":[106],"uses":[108],"data":[109],"single":[112],"reference":[113,162],"run":[114],"accurately":[116],"determine":[117,151],"whether":[118],"slowing":[122],"performance,":[124],"across":[125,156],"CPU":[126],"configurations,":[127],"without":[128,160],"need":[130],"new":[132],"profiles.":[133],"To":[134],"accomplish":[135],"this,":[136],"use":[138],"analytical":[140],"model":[141],"based":[142],"application\u2019s":[145],"inherent":[146],"microarchitecturally-independent":[147],"characteristics.":[148],"Such":[149],"models":[150],"expected":[153],"microarchitectural":[154],"events":[155],"different":[157],"configurations":[159],"requiring":[161],"values":[163,172],"application-hardware":[166],"configuration":[167],"pair.":[168],"By":[169],"comparing":[170],"predicted":[171],"actual":[174],"events,":[176],"one":[177],"can":[178],"quickly":[179],"check":[180],"unexpected":[182],"application":[183],"slowdowns":[184],"key":[188],"signatures":[189],"many":[191],"Trojans.":[193],"The":[194,212],"proposed":[195,213],"methodology":[196],"achieves":[197],"higher":[199],"true":[200],"positive":[201],"rate":[202],"compared":[203],"prior":[205],"works":[206],"while":[207],"having":[208],"no":[209,216],"false":[210],"positives.":[211],"detector":[214],"incurs":[215],"performance":[218],"penalty":[219],"only":[221],"adds":[222],"negligible":[224],"power":[225],"overhead":[226],"0.005%.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}