{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4384788057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375","title":"Cryptensor: A Resource-Shared Co-Processor to Accelerate Convolutional Neural Network and Polynomial Convolution","display_name":"Cryptensor: A Resource-Shared Co-Processor to Accelerate Convolutional Neural Network and Polynomial Convolution","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4384788057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018881990","display_name":"Jin\u2010Chuan See","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3929-554X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Chuan See","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009152648","display_name":"Hui\u2010Fuang Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-2770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui-Fuang Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4394-2770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016964173","display_name":"Hung\u2010Khoon Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9964-7186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Khoon Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9964-7186","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032505982","display_name":"Jing-Jing Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing-Jing Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-4856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019870334","display_name":"Kai\u2010Ming Mok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1051-0875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I931681460","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Ming Mok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I931681460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072449504","display_name":"Wai\u2010Kong Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai-Kong Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-8979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087964642","display_name":"Chih\u2010Yang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0401-8473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Yang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0401-8473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9586,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93590129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"12","first_page":"4735","last_page":"4748"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12303","display_name":"Tensor decomposition and applications","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2605","display_name":"Computational Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7049629092216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6025488376617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.5383222103118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5243309140205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.48795098066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.46574294567108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4496946930885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4259766638278961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4148048758506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33722975850105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3280898928642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3234575390815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3019179403781891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19333559274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17573413252830505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.11388081312179565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7049629092216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6025488376617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.5383222103118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5243309140205383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.48795098066329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.46574294567108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4496946930885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4259766638278961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4148048758506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33722975850105286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3280898928642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3234575390815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3019179403781891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19333559274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17573413252830505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.11388081312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3296375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3924898313","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2019-C1/L06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321398","funder_display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8102661478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2021/ICT02/UTAR/02/3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321147","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321147","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education","ror":"https://ror.org/0512bh102"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321398","display_name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman","ror":"https://ror.org/050pq4m56"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2626712922","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2795915628","https://openalex.org/W2795961274","https://openalex.org/W2810861508","https://openalex.org/W2913221350","https://openalex.org/W2951412710","https://openalex.org/W2953292182","https://openalex.org/W2960235107","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2980856918","https://openalex.org/W2990224914","https://openalex.org/W2996843284","https://openalex.org/W3012178976","https://openalex.org/W3023641472","https://openalex.org/W3031172388","https://openalex.org/W3033155721","https://openalex.org/W3119481765","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3130920634","https://openalex.org/W3158020960","https://openalex.org/W3164019007","https://openalex.org/W4210605464","https://openalex.org/W4213195788","https://openalex.org/W4243242894","https://openalex.org/W4285065239","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6786271619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2798215405","https://openalex.org/W2990962948","https://openalex.org/W2117300767","https://openalex.org/W2024574431","https://openalex.org/W2131696304","https://openalex.org/W2374017528","https://openalex.org/W4239932082","https://openalex.org/W4285503609","https://openalex.org/W2126248441","https://openalex.org/W2382457518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Practical":[0],"deployment":[1],"of":[2,140,153,208],"convolutional":[3],"neural":[4],"network":[5],"(CNN)":[6],"and":[7,20,29,55,61,99,131],"cryptography":[8,30,56],"algorithm":[9],"on":[10,156,172,184,224],"constrained":[11],"devices":[12],"are":[13,102,213],"challenging":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,48,64,81,104,125,150,180],"the":[17,53,65,83,88,106,115,127,157,206,221],"huge":[18],"computation":[19,152,207],"memory":[21,144],"requirement.":[22],"Developing":[23],"separate":[24],"hardware":[25,70,204,222],"accelerator":[26,67],"for":[27,68,135,169,215],"AI":[28],"incur":[31],"large":[32],"area":[33],"consumption,":[34],"which":[35,218],"is":[36,120,148],"not":[37],"desirable":[38],"in":[39,110,195],"many":[40],"applications.":[41],"This":[42],"article":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,142],"viable":[46],"solution":[47],"this":[49],"issue":[50,108],"by":[51],"expressing":[52],"CNN":[54],"as":[57],"generic-matrix-multiplication":[58],"(GEMM)":[59],"operations":[60],"map":[62],"them":[63],"same":[66,158],"reduced":[69],"consumption.":[71],"A":[72],"novel":[73,94,143],"systolic":[74],"tensor":[75,116],"array":[76],"(STA)":[77],"design":[78],"was":[79],"proposed":[80,103,149,203],"reduce":[82,126],"data":[84],"movement,":[85],"effectively":[86],"reducing":[87],"operand":[89],"registers":[90],"by$2\\times":[91],"$.":[92],"Two":[93],"techniques,":[95],"input":[96],"layer":[97],"extension":[98],"polynomial":[100,154],"factorization,":[101],"mitigate":[105],"under-utilization":[107],"found":[109],"existing":[111,181],"STA":[112],"architecture.":[113],"Additionally,":[114],"processing":[117],"element":[118],"(TPE)":[119],"fused":[121],"using":[122],"DSP":[123],"unit":[124],"look-up":[128],"table":[129],"(LUT)":[130],"flip-flops":[132],"(FFs)":[133],"consumption":[134,223],"implementing":[136],"multipliers.":[137],"On":[138],"top":[139],"that,":[141],"efficient":[145],"factorization":[146],"technique":[147],"allow":[151],"convolution":[155],"STA.":[159],"Experimental":[160],"results":[161],"show":[162],"that":[163,212],"Cryptensor":[164,187],"achieved":[165],"21.6%":[166],"better":[167],"throughput":[168],"VGG-16":[170],"implementation":[171,183],"XC7Z020":[173],"FPGA;":[174],"up":[175],"to$8.40\\times":[176],"$better-energy":[177],"efficiency":[178],"compared":[179],"ResNet-18":[182],"XC7Z045":[185],"FPGA.":[186],"can":[188],"also":[189],"flexibly":[190],"support":[191],"multiple":[192],"security":[193],"levels":[194],"NTRU":[196],"scheme,":[197],"with":[198],"no":[199],"additional":[200],"hardware.":[201],"The":[202],"unifies":[205],"two":[209],"different":[210],"domains":[211],"critical":[214],"IoT":[216],"applications,":[217],"greatly":[219],"reduces":[220],"edge":[225],"nodes.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}