{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383960254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461","title":"Partial Sum Quantization for Reducing ADC Size in ReRAM-Based Neural Network Accelerators","display_name":"Partial Sum Quantization for Reducing ADC Size in ReRAM-Based Neural Network Accelerators","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383960254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031082305","display_name":"Azat Azamat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5067-317X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Azat Azamat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003686675","display_name":"Faaiz Asim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faaiz Asim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690346","display_name":"Jintae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-5787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780257","display_name":"Jongeun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-2974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031082305"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71188487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"12","first_page":"4897","last_page":"4908"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.715207040309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6898574233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6326645612716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.6267318725585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5602766275405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5269104838371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/successive-approximation-adc","display_name":"Successive approximation ADC","score":0.4437136650085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.33868733048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3339655101299286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27789610624313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25292572379112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.1563759446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13333284854888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13250556588172913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08120366930961609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.715207040309906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6898574233055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6326645612716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.6267318725585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5602766275405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5269104838371277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60154766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2650458","display_name":"Successive approximation ADC","level":4,"score":0.4437136650085449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.33868733048439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3339655101299286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27789610624313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25292572379112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.1563759446144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13333284854888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13250556588172913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08120366930961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3294461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.unist.ac.kr:201301/66315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/66315","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401118","display_name":"Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","host_organization_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ARTICLE"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523459467","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2588666075","https://openalex.org/W2786771851","https://openalex.org/W2787513570","https://openalex.org/W2795127895","https://openalex.org/W2798554798","https://openalex.org/W2899682588","https://openalex.org/W2899868573","https://openalex.org/W2910518169","https://openalex.org/W2916954108","https://openalex.org/W2957706073","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963480671","https://openalex.org/W2971791668","https://openalex.org/W2981783238","https://openalex.org/W3031771821","https://openalex.org/W3083679519","https://openalex.org/W3092585568","https://openalex.org/W3116534789","https://openalex.org/W3183260061","https://openalex.org/W4200001938","https://openalex.org/W4200213209","https://openalex.org/W4200629964","https://openalex.org/W4232382857","https://openalex.org/W4243519499","https://openalex.org/W4285122104","https://openalex.org/W4312417294","https://openalex.org/W4312906586","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6692521979","https://openalex.org/W6748224102","https://openalex.org/W6748319235","https://openalex.org/W6756551553","https://openalex.org/W6760069825","https://openalex.org/W6765394917","https://openalex.org/W6769162321","https://openalex.org/W6804603128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2145932742","https://openalex.org/W3005999147","https://openalex.org/W3176428941","https://openalex.org/W3089883684","https://openalex.org/W4232634182","https://openalex.org/W4301187613","https://openalex.org/W2923038022","https://openalex.org/W3008646524","https://openalex.org/W4385624997","https://openalex.org/W2593506445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"resistive":[1],"random-access":[2],"memory":[3],"(ReRAM)":[4],"crossbar":[5,69],"arrays":[6,70],"have":[7],"the":[8,40,48,64,84,92,137,140,160,169,172,195],"potential":[9],"to":[10,82,120,135,178],"significantly":[11,62],"accelerate":[12],"deep":[13],"neural":[14],"network":[15],"(DNN)":[16],"training":[17],"through":[18],"fast":[19],"and":[20,43,110,116,127,151],"low-cost":[21],"matrix\u2013vector":[22],"multiplication,":[23],"peripheral":[24],"circuits":[25],"like":[26],"analog-to-digital":[27],"converters":[28],"(ADCs)":[29],"create":[30],"a":[31,44,77,96,182],"high":[32],"overhead.":[33],"These":[34],"ADCs":[35],"consume":[36],"over":[37],"half":[38],"of":[39,47,67,86,95,139,148,171,187,197],"chip":[41,49],"power":[42,111],"considerable":[45],"portion":[46],"cost.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"this":[53],"challenge,":[54],"we":[55,132],"propose":[56,133],"advanced":[57],"quantization":[58,78],"techniques":[59],"that":[60,164],"can":[61,167],"reduce":[63,168],"ADC":[65,75,87,103,108,173],"overhead":[66,138],"ReRAM":[68,198],"(RCAs).":[71],"Our":[72,154],"methodology":[73],"interprets":[74],"as":[76,201],"mechanism,":[79],"allowing":[80],"us":[81],"scale":[83],"range":[85],"input":[88],"optimally":[89],"along":[90],"with":[91,180],"weight":[93],"parameters":[94],"DNN,":[97],"resulting":[98],"in":[99,102,194],"multiple-bit":[100],"reduction":[101],"precision.":[104],"This":[105],"approach":[106],"reduces":[107],"size":[109,170],"consumption":[112],"by":[113,174],"several":[114],"times,":[115],"it":[117],"is":[118,144],"applicable":[119],"any":[121,128],"DNN":[122],"type":[123],"(binarized":[124],"or":[125],"multibit)":[126],"RCA":[129],"size.":[130],"Additionally,":[131],"ways":[134],"minimize":[136],"digital":[141],"scaler,":[142],"which":[143],"an":[145],"essential":[146],"part":[147],"our":[149,165],"scheme":[150],"sometimes":[152],"required.":[153],"experimental":[155],"results":[156,193],"using":[157],"ResNet-18":[158],"on":[159],"ImageNet":[161],"dataset":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"method":[166],"32":[175],"times":[176],"compared":[177],"ISAAC":[179],"only":[181],"minimal":[183],"accuracy":[184],"loss":[185],"degradation":[186],"0.24%.":[188],"We":[189],"also":[190],"present":[191],"evaluation":[192],"presence":[196],"nonideality":[199],"(such":[200],"stuck-at":[202],"fault).":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}