{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379033852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172","title":"DRAM Bender: An Extensible and Versatile FPGA-Based Infrastructure to Easily Test State-of-the-Art DRAM Chips","display_name":"DRAM Bender: An Extensible and Versatile FPGA-Based Infrastructure to Easily Test State-of-the-Art DRAM Chips","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379033852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056716458","display_name":"Ataberk Olgun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-5726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ataberk Olgun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032313427","display_name":"Hasan Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-007X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001715701","display_name":"A. Giray Ya\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-6077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Giray Ya\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090229323","display_name":"Yahya Can Tu\u011frul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9291-3626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahya Can Tu\u011frul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002441341","display_name":"Lois Orosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6773-6395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802755756","display_name":"Centro de Supercomputaci\u00f3n de Galicia","ror":"https://ror.org/02z51cq88","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802755756"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lois Orosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","Direction/Management Department, Galicia Supercomputing Center, Galicia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Direction/Management Department, Galicia Supercomputing Center, Galicia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802755756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070892312","display_name":"Haocong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0849-8724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haocong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102940753","display_name":"Minesh Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-4792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minesh Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052707216","display_name":"O\u011fuz Ergin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-3787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13236232","display_name":"TOBB University of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ewx7v96","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O\u011fuz Ergin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050695684","display_name":"Onur Mutlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0075-2312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Onur Mutlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of D-ITET, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056716458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96643651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"12","first_page":"5098","last_page":"5112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.9642096161842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6136116981506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5489304065704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5485917925834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-memory","display_name":"Universal memory","score":0.5477151870727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cas-latency","display_name":"CAS latency","score":0.4647708535194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3053399920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-controller","display_name":"Memory controller","score":0.19875305891036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.1300436556339264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.9642096161842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6136116981506348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5489304065704346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5485917925834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195053848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894141","display_name":"Universal memory","level":5,"score":0.5477151870727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189930140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1112878","display_name":"CAS latency","level":4,"score":0.4647708535194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3053399920463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100800780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1175867","display_name":"Memory controller","level":3,"score":0.19875305891036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.1300436556339264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3282172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307764","display_name":"Microsoft","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":109,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W755906292","https://openalex.org/W1557949687","https://openalex.org/W1578894366","https://openalex.org/W1586737392","https://openalex.org/W1964316448","https://openalex.org/W1964858680","https://openalex.org/W1992487929","https://openalex.org/W2011072387","https://openalex.org/W2023834387","https://openalex.org/W2042667731","https://openalex.org/W2088434321","https://openalex.org/W2100787464","https://openalex.org/W2114139799","https://openalex.org/W2119092821","https://openalex.org/W2119435553","https://openalex.org/W2124608923","https://openalex.org/W2125703639","https://openalex.org/W2129991978","https://openalex.org/W2132269953","https://openalex.org/W2135965542","https://openalex.org/W2157116240","https://openalex.org/W2158319074","https://openalex.org/W2158620667","https://openalex.org/W2162838417","https://openalex.org/W2163563130","https://openalex.org/W2164247919","https://openalex.org/W2164586147","https://openalex.org/W2165037254","https://openalex.org/W2169370030","https://openalex.org/W2170257519","https://openalex.org/W2233523872","https://openalex.org/W2245396909","https://openalex.org/W2293640271","https://openalex.org/W2331766458","https://openalex.org/W2332254524","https://openalex.org/W2529008862","https://openalex.org/W2537014044","https://openalex.org/W2546811911","https://openalex.org/W2593313312","https://openalex.org/W2612835180","https://openalex.org/W2625267941","https://openalex.org/W2762750764","https://openalex.org/W2766489088","https://openalex.org/W2775542369","https://openalex.org/W2778822934","https://openalex.org/W2794842046","https://openalex.org/W2886385523","https://openalex.org/W2904440456","https://openalex.org/W2905808651","https://openalex.org/W2910048917","https://openalex.org/W2939057911","https://openalex.org/W2945145734","https://openalex.org/W2945839280","https://openalex.org/W2953044030","https://openalex.org/W2968534477","https://openalex.org/W2969618534","https://openalex.org/W2979754840","https://openalex.org/W2979874885","https://openalex.org/W2996972313","https://openalex.org/W2998041822","https://openalex.org/W2999623539","https://openalex.org/W2999916660","https://openalex.org/W3004383742","https://openalex.org/W3005285381","https://openalex.org/W3008107815","https://openalex.org/W3015685940","https://openalex.org/W3042624570","https://openalex.org/W3046609696","https://openalex.org/W3091524708","https://openalex.org/W3098180581","https://openalex.org/W3099549854","https://openalex.org/W3101416431","https://openalex.org/W3105648728","https://openalex.org/W3111721177","https://openalex.org/W3118754324","https://openalex.org/W3133752511","https://openalex.org/W3150635270","https://openalex.org/W3155004489","https://openalex.org/W3157763265","https://openalex.org/W3187200870","https://openalex.org/W3188529796","https://openalex.org/W3205305497","https://openalex.org/W3207641784","https://openalex.org/W4206782120","https://openalex.org/W4211113724","https://openalex.org/W4214481814","https://openalex.org/W4214559301","https://openalex.org/W4233287939","https://openalex.org/W4233459511","https://openalex.org/W4243233609","https://openalex.org/W4251362763","https://openalex.org/W4280502333","https://openalex.org/W4285121610","https://openalex.org/W4287849479","https://openalex.org/W4295679041","https://openalex.org/W4304701050","https://openalex.org/W4308084251","https://openalex.org/W4309137721","https://openalex.org/W4379033852","https://openalex.org/W4380875579","https://openalex.org/W4385730913","https://openalex.org/W4394643392","https://openalex.org/W6630265792","https://openalex.org/W6739212443","https://openalex.org/W6762685433","https://openalex.org/W6846418750","https://openalex.org/W6846769945","https://openalex.org/W6910057302","https://openalex.org/W6947656405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386903460","https://openalex.org/W2516517078","https://openalex.org/W1992487929","https://openalex.org/W4297812927","https://openalex.org/W4293430534","https://openalex.org/W2335743642","https://openalex.org/W2800412005","https://openalex.org/W2536264121","https://openalex.org/W2900372418","https://openalex.org/W2342813629"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,168],"understand":[1],"and":[2,8,98,115,124,151,155,238,245],"improve":[3],"DRAM":[4,17,50,62,64,75,82,93,110,130,133,142,153,171,191,203,227,241],"performance,":[5],"reliability,":[6],"security,":[7],"energy":[9],"efficiency,":[10],"prior":[11,220],"works":[12],"study":[13],"characteristics":[14],"of":[15,25,43,129,141,183,209,226],"commodity":[16],"chips.":[18,63],"Unfortunately,":[19],"state-of-the-art":[20,61],"open":[21,106],"source":[22,107],"infrastructures":[23],"capable":[24],"conducting":[26],"such":[27],"studies":[28,44,59],"are":[29],"obsolete,":[30],"poorly":[31],"supported,":[32],"or":[33,37,161],"difficult":[34],"to":[35,91,104,122,186],"use,":[36],"their":[38],"inflexibility":[39],"limits":[40],"the":[41,71,190,224],"types":[42,128],"they":[45],"can":[46],"conduct.":[47],"We":[48,222],"propose":[49],"Bender,":[51],"a":[52,81,174,206,212],"new":[53,159,187],"FPGA-based":[54],"infrastructure":[55],"that":[56,170,198],"enables":[57,77],"experimental":[58],"on":[60,158,211,232],"Bender":[65,76,111,134,143,172,204,228,242],"offers":[66],"three":[67,179],"key":[68],"features":[69],"at":[70,248],"same":[72],"time.":[73],"First,":[74],"directly":[78],"interfacing":[79],"with":[80,99,165,236],"chip":[83],"through":[84],"its":[85],"low-level":[86],"interface.":[87],"This":[88],"allows":[89,144],"users":[90,121],"issue":[92],"commands":[94],"in":[95],"arbitrary":[96],"order":[97],"finer-grained":[100],"time":[101],"intervals":[102],"compared":[103],"other":[105],"infrastructures.":[108],"Second,":[109],"exposes":[112],"easy-to-use":[113],"C++":[114],"Python":[116],"programm":[117],"ing":[118],"interfaces,":[119],"allowing":[120],"quickly":[123],"easily":[125,136],"develop":[126],"different":[127,234],"experiments.":[131],"Third,":[132],"is":[135,173,243],"extensible.":[137],"The":[138],"modular":[139],"design":[140],"extending":[145],"it":[146,231],"to:":[147],"1)":[148],"support":[149],"existing":[150],"emerging":[152],"interfaces":[154],"2)":[156],"run":[157],"commercial":[160],"custom":[162],"FPGA":[163],"boards":[164],"little":[166],"effort.":[167],"demonstrate":[169,223],"versatile":[175],"infrastructure,":[176],"we":[177,196],"conduct":[178],"case":[180],"studies,":[181],"two":[182],"which":[184],"lead":[185],"observations":[188],"about":[189],"RowHammer":[192],"vulnerability.":[193],"In":[194],"particular,":[195],"show":[197],"data":[199],"patterns":[200],"supported":[201],"by":[202,219,229],"uncover":[205],"larger":[207],"set":[208],"bit-flips":[210],"victim":[213],"row":[214],"than":[215],"those":[216],"commonly":[217],"used":[218],"work.":[221],"extensibility":[225],"implementing":[230],"five":[233],"FPGAs":[235],"DDR4":[237],"DDR3":[239],"support.":[240],"freely":[244],"openly":[246],"available":[247],"<uri":[249],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[250],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/CMU-SAFARI/DRAM-Bender</uri>":[251],".":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
