{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376456783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918","title":"SpikeSim: An End-to-End Compute-in-Memory Hardware Evaluation Tool for Benchmarking Spiking Neural Networks","display_name":"SpikeSim: An End-to-End Compute-in-Memory Hardware Evaluation Tool for Benchmarking Spiking Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376456783","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050796355","display_name":"Abhishek Moitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-5206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhishek Moitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0534-5206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004629816","display_name":"Abhiroop Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhiroop Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-271X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021402075","display_name":"Runcong Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1869-8653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runcong Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1869-8653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002498234","display_name":"Gokul Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-1140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128585","display_name":"META Health","ror":"https://ror.org/035h67p10","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gokul Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meta Reality Labs, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1813-1140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meta Reality Labs, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740019","display_name":"Yu Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-1180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6968-1180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050310538","display_name":"Priyadarshini Panda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyadarshini Panda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-6782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95553497,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"11","first_page":"3815","last_page":"3828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7159056663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6881987452507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.6149805784225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.5026724338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45892953872680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.453838586807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4501889646053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4494485557079315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4277052879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.38143038749694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3639698028564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3163071870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20276165008544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13760101795196533}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7159056663513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6881987452507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.6149805784225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.5026724338531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45892953872680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.453838586807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4501889646053314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4494485557079315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4277052879333496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.38143038749694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3639698028564453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3163071870803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20276165008544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13760101795196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3274918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1645800954","https://openalex.org/W2039161462","https://openalex.org/W2056507634","https://openalex.org/W2118231264","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2323986115","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2551176409","https://openalex.org/W2591675147","https://openalex.org/W2621826044","https://openalex.org/W2733297609","https://openalex.org/W2743654210","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2782046614","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2792208628","https://openalex.org/W2896697006","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2966878541","https://openalex.org/W2990793844","https://openalex.org/W2991418313","https://openalex.org/W3033076639","https://openalex.org/W3033519076","https://openalex.org/W3042725081","https://openalex.org/W3091835145","https://openalex.org/W3097140984","https://openalex.org/W3097285691","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3137364206","https://openalex.org/W3158997543","https://openalex.org/W3169215542","https://openalex.org/W3186703306","https://openalex.org/W3195858150","https://openalex.org/W3198405160","https://openalex.org/W3201613041","https://openalex.org/W3203196551","https://openalex.org/W4221160099","https://openalex.org/W4280536985","https://openalex.org/W4283332956","https://openalex.org/W4285290717","https://openalex.org/W4311409824","https://openalex.org/W4312348535","https://openalex.org/W4312464450","https://openalex.org/W6787972765","https://openalex.org/W6796421320","https://openalex.org/W6809796377"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1657880117","https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2918361313","https://openalex.org/W2403181385","https://openalex.org/W2249862794","https://openalex.org/W2611005572","https://openalex.org/W4213353724","https://openalex.org/W4200536635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"neural":[1,17],"networks":[2,18],"(SNNs)":[3],"are":[4,272],"an":[5],"active":[6],"research":[7],"domain":[8],"toward":[9],"energy-efficient":[10],"machine":[11],"intelligence.":[12],"Compared":[13],"to":[14,66,103,222,275,284],"conventional":[15],"artificial":[16],"(ANNs),":[19],"SNNs":[20,40,264,282],"use":[21],"temporal":[22],"spike":[23],"data":[24,37,124],"and":[25,48,111,123,142,167,182,187,230,244,263,265,279],"bio-plausible":[26],"neuronal":[27,195,241],"activation":[28],"functions":[29],"such":[30,119],"as":[31,120],"leaky-integrate":[32],"fire/integrate":[33],"fire":[34],"(LIF/IF)":[35],"for":[36,158,281,290],"processing.":[38],"However,":[39],"incur":[41],"significant":[42,198],"dot-product":[43,106],"operations":[44,107],"causing":[45],"high":[46],"memory":[47],"computation":[49,164],"overhead":[50],"in":[51,72,239,251],"standard":[52],"von-Neumann":[53,73],"computing":[54,60],"platforms.":[55],"To":[56,127,212],"this":[57,128,213,252],"end,":[58,129,214],"in-memory":[59],"(IMC)":[61],"architectures":[62],"have":[63,78,89],"been":[64,90],"proposed":[65,79],"alleviate":[67],"the":[68,84,93,121,162,193,208,240,245,273,291],"\u201cmemory-wall":[69],"bottleneck\u201d":[70],"prevalent":[71],"architectures.":[74],"Although":[75],"recent":[76],"works":[77],"IMC-based":[80],"SNN":[81,100,217],"hardware":[82,113,210],"accelerators,":[83],"following":[85],"key":[86,274],"implementation":[87,181],"aspects":[88],"overlooked:":[91],"1)":[92],"adverse":[94],"effects":[95],"of":[96,115,145,150,174,207,270],"crossbar":[97],"nonideality":[98,163],"on":[99,178,184],"performance":[101],"due":[102],"repeated":[104],"analog":[105],"over":[108],"multiple":[109],"time-steps":[110,271],"2)":[112],"overheads":[114],"essential":[116],"SNN-specific":[117],"components,":[118],"LIF/IF":[122,194],"communication":[125],"modules.":[126],"we":[130,190,215,254],"propose":[131,216],"SpikeSim,":[132],"a":[133,151,256],"tool":[134,293],"that":[135,192,220,267],"can":[136],"perform":[137,255],"realistic":[138],"performance,":[139],"energy,":[140],"latency":[141],"area":[143,199,243],"evaluation":[144,173],"IMC-mapped":[146],"SNNs.":[147,160,176],"SpikeSim":[148,292],"consists":[149],"practical":[152],"monolithic":[153],"IMC":[154,260],"architecture":[155],"called":[156],"SpikeFlow":[157],"mapping":[159],"Additionally,":[161],"engine":[165,170],"(NICE)":[166],"energy\u2013latency\u2013area":[168],"(ELA)":[169],"performs":[171],"hardware-realistic":[172],"SpikeFlow-mapped":[175],"Based":[177],"65nm":[179],"CMOS":[180],"experiments":[183],"CIFAR10,":[185],"CIFAR100":[186],"TinyImagenet":[188],"datasets,":[189],"find":[191],"module":[196],"has":[197],"contribution":[200],"<inline-formula":[201,223,231],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[202,224,232],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[203,225,233],"<tex-math":[204,226,234],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$(&gt;11\\%$":[205],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[206,229,237],"total":[209],"area).":[211],"topological":[218],"modifications":[219],"leads":[221],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.24\\times":[227],"$":[228,236],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$10\\times":[235],"reduction":[238],"module\u2019s":[242],"overall":[246],"energy-delay-product":[247],"value,":[248],"respectively.":[249],"Furthermore,":[250],"work,":[253],"holistic":[257],"comparison":[258],"between":[259],"implemented":[261],"ANN":[262],"conclude":[266],"lower":[268],"number":[269],"achieve":[276],"higher":[277],"throughput":[278],"energy-efficiency":[280],"compared":[283],"4-bit":[285],"ANNs.":[286],"The":[287],"code":[288],"repository":[289],"is":[294],"available":[295],"at":[296],"Github":[297],"link.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
