{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319997236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957","title":"A Lightweight True Random Number Generator for Root of Trust Applications","display_name":"A Lightweight True Random Number Generator for Root of Trust Applications","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319997236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080960636","display_name":"Janusz Rajski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-447X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Janusz Rajski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tessent R&D, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Wilsonville, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tessent R&D, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Wilsonville, OR, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017437122","display_name":"Maciej Trawka","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej Trawka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tessent R&D, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Wilsonville, OR, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tessent R&D, Siemens Digital Industries Software, Wilsonville, OR, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072675590","display_name":"Jerzy Tyszer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-2344"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerzy Tyszer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084229461","display_name":"Bartosz W\u0142odarczak","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bartosz W\u0142odarczak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080960636"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97483505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"9","first_page":"2815","last_page":"2825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","score":0.7234209179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.5529289245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5085738897323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4299190044403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.39043930172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3376634418964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24402979016304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19901791214942932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.0787496268749237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.07509812712669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.06215903162956238}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7234209179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5529289245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5085738897323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4299190044403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.39043930172920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3376634418964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24402979016304016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19901791214942932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0787496268749237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.07509812712669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.06215903162956238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2023.3237957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170084955","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1541097170","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1568780897","https://openalex.org/W1583056432","https://openalex.org/W1585450308","https://openalex.org/W1588877666","https://openalex.org/W1605172130","https://openalex.org/W1717406790","https://openalex.org/W1868304350","https://openalex.org/W1970099061","https://openalex.org/W1985574186","https://openalex.org/W2009344618","https://openalex.org/W2023823680","https://openalex.org/W2028424369","https://openalex.org/W2033711887","https://openalex.org/W2052912197","https://openalex.org/W2054443616","https://openalex.org/W2098543956","https://openalex.org/W2098644630","https://openalex.org/W2107217398","https://openalex.org/W2111264486","https://openalex.org/W2113158626","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2117188320","https://openalex.org/W2117205818","https://openalex.org/W2123183240","https://openalex.org/W2128457641","https://openalex.org/W2132979456","https://openalex.org/W2134539886","https://openalex.org/W2138274182","https://openalex.org/W2145788847","https://openalex.org/W2149404985","https://openalex.org/W2150778842","https://openalex.org/W2153126169","https://openalex.org/W2154347069","https://openalex.org/W2161890359","https://openalex.org/W2177571745","https://openalex.org/W2318869941","https://openalex.org/W2344654957","https://openalex.org/W2362080632","https://openalex.org/W2524910869","https://openalex.org/W2577825805","https://openalex.org/W2623158867","https://openalex.org/W2626735011","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W2793181371","https://openalex.org/W2900865731","https://openalex.org/W2927621939","https://openalex.org/W2945378913","https://openalex.org/W2947486590","https://openalex.org/W2966695223","https://openalex.org/W2988144595","https://openalex.org/W3046847788","https://openalex.org/W3083489465","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W3154385683","https://openalex.org/W3170227372","https://openalex.org/W3179827021","https://openalex.org/W3196521403","https://openalex.org/W3207886650","https://openalex.org/W4232122552","https://openalex.org/W4312718210","https://openalex.org/W6634014975","https://openalex.org/W6634891223","https://openalex.org/W6676504147","https://openalex.org/W6682151157","https://openalex.org/W6739319880","https://openalex.org/W6847778194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979597421","https://openalex.org/W2007980826","https://openalex.org/W4245490552","https://openalex.org/W4225152035","https://openalex.org/W2061531152","https://openalex.org/W3002753104","https://openalex.org/W2077600819","https://openalex.org/W1587224694","https://openalex.org/W2911598644","https://openalex.org/W2147043760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,35,45,171],"many":[2],"schemes":[3],"proposed":[4,168],"to":[5,19,47,58,112],"protect":[6],"integrated":[7],"circuits":[8],"(ICs)":[9],"against":[10],"an":[11,125],"unauthorized":[12],"access":[13],"and":[14,92,107,127,158,160,164,170],"usage,":[15],"or":[16],"at":[17],"least":[18],"mitigate":[20],"security":[21,33],"risks.":[22],"They":[23],"lay":[24],"foundations":[25],"for":[26],"hardware":[27],"roots":[28],"of":[29,37,77,83,131,156,166],"trust":[30],"whose":[31],"crucial":[32],"primitives":[34],"generators":[36,44],"truly":[38],"random":[39,109],"numbers.":[40],"In":[41],"particular,":[42],"such":[43,62],"used":[46],"yield":[48],"one-time":[49],"challenges":[50],"(nonces)":[51],"supporting":[52],"the":[53,75,86,89,153,167],"IC":[54,69],"authentication":[55],"protocols":[56],"employed":[57],"counteract":[59],"potential":[60],"threats":[61],"as":[63],"untrusted":[64],"users":[65],"accessing":[66],"ICs.":[67],"However,":[68],"vendors":[70],"raise":[71],"several":[72],"concerns":[73,95],"regarding":[74],"complexity":[76],"these":[78],"solutions,":[79],"both":[80],"in":[81],"terms":[82],"area":[84,126],"overhead,":[85],"impact":[87],"on":[88,118,147],"design":[90],"flow,":[91],"testability.":[93],"These":[94],"have":[96],"motivated":[97],"this":[98],"work":[99],"presenting":[100],"a":[101,114,119,132,139],"simple,":[102],"yet":[103],"effective,":[104],"all-digital":[105],"lightweight":[106],"self-testable":[108],"number":[110],"generator":[111,122],"produce":[113],"nonce.":[115],"It":[116],"builds":[117],"generic":[120],"ring":[121,141],"architecture,":[123],"i.e.,":[124],"time":[128],"optimized":[129],"version":[130],"linear":[133],"feedback":[134],"shift":[135],"register,":[136],"driven":[137],"by":[138],"multiple-output":[140],"oscillator.":[142],"A":[143],"comprehensive":[144],"evaluation,":[145],"based":[146],"three":[148],"statistical":[149],"test":[150],"suits":[151],"from":[152],"National":[154],"Institute":[155],"Standards":[157],"Technology":[159],"BSI,":[161],"show":[162],"feasibility":[163],"efficiency":[165],"scheme":[169],"reported":[172],"herein.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}