{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296473289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187","title":"<i>LightNAS</i>: On Lightweight and Scalable Neural Architecture Search for Embedded Platforms","display_name":"<i>LightNAS</i>: On Lightweight and Scalable Neural Architecture Search for Embedded Platforms","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296473289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060833244","display_name":"Xiangzhong Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0758-2248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangzhong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060042554","display_name":"Di Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-2768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189210763","display_name":"Yunnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0040axw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Yunnan University, Kunming, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189210763"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067594005","display_name":"Hao Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1378-0056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086240263","display_name":"Shuo Huai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4744-304X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Huai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334222","display_name":"Hui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-9929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038598144","display_name":"Weichen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weichen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060833244"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5521,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90954765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"6","first_page":"1784","last_page":"1797"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7657914757728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7456561923027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6415942907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5692398548126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4821305274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4216506779193878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4126572906970978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3375350534915924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29337525367736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11606132984161377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7657914757728577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7456561923027039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6415942907333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5692398548126221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4821305274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4216506779193878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4126572906970978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3375350534915924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29337525367736816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11606132984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3208187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G739051916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"M4082282","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","funder_display_name":"Nanyang Technological University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320766","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2547875792","https://openalex.org/W2548228487","https://openalex.org/W2553303224","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2896409484","https://openalex.org/W2905741102","https://openalex.org/W2945403477","https://openalex.org/W2947681860","https://openalex.org/W2951104886","https://openalex.org/W2953604046","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2960010704","https://openalex.org/W2962847160","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963918968","https://openalex.org/W2964217527","https://openalex.org/W2964259004","https://openalex.org/W2964515685","https://openalex.org/W2965658867","https://openalex.org/W2967733054","https://openalex.org/W2981698279","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2984618279","https://openalex.org/W2994749257","https://openalex.org/W2999270366","https://openalex.org/W3000557999","https://openalex.org/W3030728803","https://openalex.org/W3034609471","https://openalex.org/W3035138962","https://openalex.org/W3035400692","https://openalex.org/W3035422913","https://openalex.org/W3096533519","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3108326355","https://openalex.org/W3121924028","https://openalex.org/W3132181965","https://openalex.org/W3137264163","https://openalex.org/W3166395393","https://openalex.org/W3170807618","https://openalex.org/W3206752670","https://openalex.org/W3211127556","https://openalex.org/W3211531130","https://openalex.org/W3214999411","https://openalex.org/W4226358149","https://openalex.org/W4285305827","https://openalex.org/W4285676418","https://openalex.org/W4287829020","https://openalex.org/W4293261801","https://openalex.org/W6690026940","https://openalex.org/W6729448088","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6730091202","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6755843862","https://openalex.org/W6756887525","https://openalex.org/W6757036269","https://openalex.org/W6757204547","https://openalex.org/W6759828284","https://openalex.org/W6761158446","https://openalex.org/W6761209512","https://openalex.org/W6762610423","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6763381322","https://openalex.org/W6767064347","https://openalex.org/W6771859737","https://openalex.org/W6772812598","https://openalex.org/W6774401712","https://openalex.org/W6779348065","https://openalex.org/W6781752936","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6788713141","https://openalex.org/W6790028984","https://openalex.org/W6791089053","https://openalex.org/W6796917945","https://openalex.org/W6803742111","https://openalex.org/W6803936457","https://openalex.org/W6811101373"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2393741509","https://openalex.org/W2952313066","https://openalex.org/W4300000045","https://openalex.org/W2526749411","https://openalex.org/W4285818394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neural":[0],"architecture":[1,42,118],"search":[2,61,115,140,144],"(NAS)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,165,187],"emerging":[6],"paradigm":[7],"to":[8,23,32,39,56,63,114,169,202,244],"automate":[9],"the":[10,41,46,75,109,117,122,127,150,160,172,204,210,214,223,246,249],"design":[11,77],"of":[12,60,104,176,207,216,248],"competitive":[13],"deep":[14],"neural":[15],"networks":[16],"(DNNs).":[17],"In":[18,108],"practice,":[19],"DNNs":[20],"are":[21,153,232],"subject":[22],"strict":[24],"latency":[25,48,124,225],"constraints":[26],"and":[27,69,71,95,134],"any":[28],"violation":[29],"may":[30],"lead":[31],"catastrophic":[33],"consequences":[34],"(e.g.,":[35],"autonomous":[36],"vehicles).":[37],"However,":[38],"obtain":[40],"that":[43,119,213],"strictly":[44,120],"satisfies":[45,121],"required":[47,123],"constraint,":[49],"previous":[50,253],"hardware-aware":[51,97],"differentiable":[52,132],"NAS":[53,98],"methods":[54],"have":[55],"repeat":[57],"a":[58,73,93,131,138,199],"plethora":[59],"runs":[62],"tune":[64],"relevant":[65],"hyperparameters":[66],"by":[67,82],"trial":[68],"error,":[70],"as":[72,155,198],"result,":[74],"total":[76],"cost":[78],"increases":[79],"proportionally":[80],"(empirically":[81],"ten":[83],"times).":[84],"To":[85,182],"tackle":[86],"this,":[87,184],"we,":[88],"in":[89,130,149,159],"this":[90],"article,":[91],"introduce":[92,164],"lightweight":[94],"scalable":[96],"framework":[99],"named":[100],"LightNAS,":[101],"which":[102],"consists":[103],"two":[105],"separate":[106],"stages.":[107],"first":[110,151],"stage,":[111,162],"we":[112,163,185],"strive":[113],"for":[116],"constraint":[125],"at":[126,179],"macro":[128],"level":[129],"manner,":[133],"more":[135],"importantly,":[136],"through":[137],"one-time":[139],"(i.e.,":[141,239],"you":[142],"only":[143],"once).":[145],"The":[146],"architectures":[147],"searched":[148],"stage":[152],"denoted":[154],"LightNets.":[156],"After":[157],"that,":[158],"second":[161],"efficient":[166],"evolutionary":[167],"scheme":[168],"further":[170],"explore":[171],"micro-level":[173],"channel":[174],"configuration":[175],"each":[177],"LightNet":[178],"low":[180],"cost.":[181],"achieve":[183],"propose":[186],"effective":[188],"yet":[189],"computationally":[190],"cheap":[191],"proxy,":[192],"namely,":[193],"batchwise":[194],"training":[195],"estimation":[196],"(BTE),":[197],"plug-in":[200],"complement":[201],"enable":[203],"channel-level":[205],"exploration":[206],"LightNets":[208,217],"on":[209,226,234],"fly":[211],"such":[212],"accuracy":[215],"can":[218],"be":[219],"improved":[220],"without":[221],"degrading":[222],"runtime":[224],"target":[227],"hardware.":[228],"Finally,":[229],"extensive":[230],"experiments":[231],"conducted":[233],"one":[235],"popular":[236],"embedded":[237],"platform":[238],"Nvidia":[240],"Jetson":[241],"AGX":[242],"Xavier)":[243],"demonstrate":[245],"efficacy":[247],"proposed":[250],"approach":[251],"over":[252],"state-of-the-art":[254],"counterparts.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}