{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293057250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","title":"A Robustness-Based Confidence Measure for Hybrid System Falsification","display_name":"A Robustness-Based Confidence Measure for Hybrid System Falsification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293057250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/09867937.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/09867937.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076929578","display_name":"Toru Takisaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-7480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toru Takisaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-7480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684366","display_name":"Zhenya Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-9846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3854-9846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School and Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021486887","display_name":"Paolo Arcaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-4062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Arcaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6253-4062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013382452","display_name":"Ichiro Hasuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-4650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","display_name":"National Institute of Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ksd4g47","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319490839","https://openalex.org/I184597095","https://openalex.org/I4210158934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200475212","display_name":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI","ror":"https://ror.org/0516ah480","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ichiro Hasuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Architecture Science Research Division, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200475212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7349,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6948143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"5","first_page":"1718","last_page":"1731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterexample","display_name":"Counterexample","score":0.8869526982307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8200008869171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5730212330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5121557712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4311818480491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42583420872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.38479769229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33349496126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.20459458231925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.16242986917495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09365332126617432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.8869526982307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8200008869171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5730212330818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5121557712554932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4311818480491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42583420872688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38479769229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33349496126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.20459458231925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.16242986917495728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09365332126617432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/09867937.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3201157","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/6917053/09867937.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3905117409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62150410437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5913768863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJER1603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338112","funder_display_name":"Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7800833597","display_name":"\u6a5f\u68b0\u5b66\u7fd2\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u9ad8\u54c1\u8cea\u5316\u30fb\u5b9f\u7528\u5316\u3092\u52a0\u901f\u3059\u308b\"Engineerable AI\"\u6280\u8853\u306e\u958b\u767a","funder_award_id":"JPMJMI20B8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338112","display_name":"Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293057250.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4293057250.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W618136976","https://openalex.org/W1503296932","https://openalex.org/W1533557569","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1609394770","https://openalex.org/W1625390266","https://openalex.org/W2012412457","https://openalex.org/W2045824418","https://openalex.org/W2049399166","https://openalex.org/W2065341612","https://openalex.org/W2068619069","https://openalex.org/W2075699551","https://openalex.org/W2114321644","https://openalex.org/W2131399618","https://openalex.org/W2153803621","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2295828805","https://openalex.org/W2556282465","https://openalex.org/W2571592482","https://openalex.org/W2725449579","https://openalex.org/W2735260746","https://openalex.org/W2759950027","https://openalex.org/W2788220863","https://openalex.org/W2788962378","https://openalex.org/W2801779715","https://openalex.org/W2898904083","https://openalex.org/W2956449613","https://openalex.org/W2962702177","https://openalex.org/W2963003663","https://openalex.org/W2963516601","https://openalex.org/W2982365423","https://openalex.org/W3002440596","https://openalex.org/W3080231185","https://openalex.org/W3090137276","https://openalex.org/W3134034699","https://openalex.org/W3154370202","https://openalex.org/W3184919107","https://openalex.org/W3213923604","https://openalex.org/W4252356254","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W6768937078","https://openalex.org/W6787357462","https://openalex.org/W6805126030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2349952486","https://openalex.org/W1489260687","https://openalex.org/W2775700832","https://openalex.org/W2587222766","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3204670144","https://openalex.org/W2163101548","https://openalex.org/W1988934358","https://openalex.org/W4389574038","https://openalex.org/W4387718369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Verification":[0],"of":[1,57,88,161,214,230,234],"hybrid":[2],"systems":[3],"is":[4,25,93,101,116,154,190,226,247,253,258,271],"very":[5],"challenging,":[6],"if":[7,104],"not":[8,34,109,117,133,191,218],"impossible,":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,17,28,80,135,240],"their":[12],"continuous":[13],"dynamics":[14],"that":[15,30,45,65,97,129,183,187,200,207,238,266],"leads":[16],"infinite":[18],"state":[19],"space.":[20],"As":[21],"a":[22,31,39,43,62,69,78,98,105,114,140,180,196,201,212,231,250],"countermeasure,":[23],"falsification":[24,50,106,263],"usually":[26],"applied":[27],"show":[29,265],"specification":[32,70,121,202],"does":[33,108,122],"hold,":[35,124],"by":[36],"searching":[37],"for":[38,156,172],"falsifying":[40,99,112,221],"input":[41,83,100,152,236,245],"as":[42,77],"counterexample":[44,149],"refutes":[46],"the":[47,53,82,86,120,130,151,159,162,173,185,188,205,235,243],"specification.":[48],"A":[49],"algorithm":[51,107,131,209],"exploits":[52],"quantitative":[54],"robust":[55],"semantics":[56],"temporal":[58],"specifications,":[59],"which":[60,241],"provides":[61],"numerical":[63],"robustness":[64,89,92,257],"tells":[66],"how":[67,143,194],"robustly":[68],"holds":[71],"or":[72,125],"not,":[73],"and":[74,164,249,273],"uses":[75],"it":[76,95],"guide":[79],"explore":[81],"space":[84,153,237,246],"towards":[85],"direction":[87],"descent—once":[90],"negative":[91],"observed,":[94],"indicates":[96],"found.":[102],"However,":[103],"return":[110],"any":[111,220],"input,":[113],"user":[115,197],"sure":[118],"whether":[119,166],"indeed":[123,146],"there":[126,145],"exist":[127],"counterexamples":[128],"did":[132,217],"manage":[134],"reach.":[136],"In":[137],"this":[138,176],"case,":[139],"measurement":[141],"on":[142,261],"likely":[144],"exists":[147],"no":[148],"in":[150,228],"necessary":[155],"better":[157],"understanding":[158],"safety":[160],"system":[163,189],"deciding":[165],"more":[167],"budget":[168],"should":[169,198],"be":[170,199],"allocated":[171],"falsification.":[174],"To":[175],"end,":[177],"we":[178],"propose":[179],"confidence":[181,224,269],"measure":[182,225,270],"assesses":[184,239],"likelihood":[186],"falsifiable,":[192],"i.e.,":[193],"confident":[195],"holds,":[203],"given":[204],"fact":[206],"an":[208],"has":[210],"sampled":[211],"set":[213],"inputs":[215],"but":[216],"find":[219],"one.":[222],"The":[223],"defined":[227],"terms":[229],"coverage":[232],"criterion":[233],"extent":[242],"whole":[244],"explored":[248],"local":[251],"area":[252],"exploited":[254],"where":[255],"low":[256],"observed.":[259],"Experiments":[260],"commonly-used":[262],"benchmarks":[264],"our":[267],"proposed":[268],"reasonable":[272],"can":[274],"distinguish":[275],"different":[276],"specifications.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}