{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293243647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542","title":"LLSM: A Lifetime-Aware Wear-Leveling for LSM-Tree on NAND Flash Memory","display_name":"LLSM: A Lifetime-Aware Wear-Leveling for LSM-Tree on NAND Flash Memory","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293243647","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090882004","display_name":"Dharamjeet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dharamjeet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047237851","display_name":"Yi-Shen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6896-1057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22265921","display_name":"National Central University","ror":"https://ror.org/00944ve71","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Shen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22265921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035796957","display_name":"Tseng\u2010Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2939-2821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tseng-Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078766097","display_name":"Yuan-Hung Kuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7582-5870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan-Hung Kuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073534245","display_name":"Yuan-Hao Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-2111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098366","display_name":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/00z83z196","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan-Hao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090882004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098366"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9872,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86809784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"11","first_page":"3946","last_page":"3956"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8060382008552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.632612943649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.5723778009414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.520377516746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.45525914430618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.45285987854003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4246062934398651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-file-system","display_name":"Flash file system","score":0.4118741750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39954873919487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.37192514538764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3465709090232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.27723580598831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.2550637722015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.20974114537239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17819753289222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.16202402114868164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8060382008552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.632612943649292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.5723778009414673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.520377516746521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.45525914430618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.45285987854003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4246062934398651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27670709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457555","display_name":"Flash file system","level":4,"score":0.4118741750717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39954873919487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.37192514538764954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3465709090232849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27723580598831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.2550637722015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.20974114537239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17819753289222717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.16202402114868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3197542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G129483745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111-2628-E-008-002-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2700151974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111-2221-E-001-013-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2959827479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AS-IA-111-M01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G533566617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AS-GCS-110-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5718008931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111-2221-E-008-058-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7859228838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"111-2223-E-001-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8304419897","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AS-CDA-107-M05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","funder_display_name":"Academia Sinica"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331164","display_name":"National Science and Technology Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00wnb9798"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981420413","https://openalex.org/W1982935918","https://openalex.org/W1985229168","https://openalex.org/W2068739275","https://openalex.org/W2077850713","https://openalex.org/W2090330503","https://openalex.org/W2094071473","https://openalex.org/W2094704788","https://openalex.org/W2095281431","https://openalex.org/W2097797648","https://openalex.org/W2110423232","https://openalex.org/W2125901106","https://openalex.org/W2134256286","https://openalex.org/W2139391817","https://openalex.org/W2150013559","https://openalex.org/W2155256331","https://openalex.org/W2328155254","https://openalex.org/W2342924459","https://openalex.org/W2408727576","https://openalex.org/W2415420807","https://openalex.org/W2462134012","https://openalex.org/W2537250698","https://openalex.org/W2604445413","https://openalex.org/W2615528297","https://openalex.org/W2759027646","https://openalex.org/W2770617898","https://openalex.org/W2799170133","https://openalex.org/W2891831136","https://openalex.org/W2945485316","https://openalex.org/W2946671122","https://openalex.org/W2948028886","https://openalex.org/W2963379900","https://openalex.org/W3003346454","https://openalex.org/W3098583838","https://openalex.org/W3143601445","https://openalex.org/W4221092417","https://openalex.org/W4249823756","https://openalex.org/W4285676434","https://openalex.org/W6633954485","https://openalex.org/W6695128442","https://openalex.org/W6754720000","https://openalex.org/W6790973645","https://openalex.org/W6791291678","https://openalex.org/W6983205581"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W164278522","https://openalex.org/W2606330551","https://openalex.org/W2101851311","https://openalex.org/W2391055460","https://openalex.org/W2085734125","https://openalex.org/W2082238054","https://openalex.org/W1937038249","https://openalex.org/W2351735955","https://openalex.org/W2368755666","https://openalex.org/W1994627759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,240],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,10,88,107,111,119,126,186,207,237,247],"nonvolatile":[3],"memory":[4,176],"(NVM)":[5],"technology":[6],"reduces":[7],"the":[8,40,67,72,77,85,108,115,120,124,129,137,153,159,182,187,194,199,205,212,224,229,235,238,245],"cost-per-unit":[9],"solid-state":[11],"drives":[12,91],"(SSDs).":[13],"Flash":[14],"memory-based":[15],"SSDs":[16,101,127,157],"have":[17],"become":[18],"ubiquitous":[19],"because":[20,64,102,128],"they":[21],"provide":[22],"better":[23],"performance":[24,87],"and":[25],"energy":[26],"efficiency":[27],"than":[28],"hard":[29,89],"disk":[30,90],"drives.":[31],"However,":[32,95],"it":[33,65,103],"suffers":[34],"from":[35],"wear-out":[36],"problems":[37],"caused":[38,233],"by":[39,163,234],"out-of-place":[41],"updates":[42],"that":[43,56,149,244],"limit":[44],"its":[45],"lifetime.":[46,214],"Log-structured":[47],"merge":[48],"tree":[49],"(LSM-tree)":[50],"is":[51,57,97,104,220],"a":[52,168,216],"level-based":[53,116],"data":[54,130,183,225],"structure":[55],"widely":[58],"used":[59],"in":[60],"many":[61,146],"database":[62,160],"systems":[63,161],"eliminates":[66],"random":[68,78],"write":[69,79,83,86,154],"operations":[70,80,139],"to":[71,136,145,201,222],"storage":[73,209],"devices.":[74],"By":[75,180],"transferring":[76],"into":[81],"sequential":[82],"operations,":[84],"can":[92],"be":[93,132],"improved.":[94],"LSM-tree":[96,121,172,188],"not":[98,105],"efficient":[99],"for":[100,158,171,227],"aware":[106],"access":[109,184],"characteristics":[110],"flash":[112,175],"memory.":[113],"Moreover,":[114,215],"indexing":[117],"strategy":[118,197,219],"significantly":[122],"shortens":[123],"lifetime":[125,248],"must":[131],"frequently":[133],"updated":[134],"due":[135],"compaction":[138,200],"between":[140,189],"different":[141,190],"levels.":[142],"In":[143],"contrast":[144],"previous":[147],"works":[148],"focus":[150],"on":[151,156,173],"alleviating":[152],"amplification":[155],"implemented":[162],"LSM-tree,":[164],"we":[165],"propose":[166],"LLSM,":[167],"lifetime-aware":[169],"wear-leveling":[170,231],"NAND":[174],"with":[177],"open-channel":[178],"SSD.":[179],"considering":[181],"frequency":[185],"levels,":[191],"LLSM":[192],"rethinks":[193],"block":[195],"allocation":[196],"during":[198],"evenly":[202],"erase":[203],"all":[204],"blocks":[206,226],"SSD":[208,213],"devices,":[210],"prolonging":[211],"proactive":[217],"swapping":[218],"designed":[221],"reorganize":[223],"resolving":[228],"potential":[230],"issues":[232],"behaviors":[236],"LSM-tree.":[239],"extensive":[241],"experiments":[242],"show":[243],"results":[246],"improvement":[249],"are":[250],"encouraging.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}