{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288391552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach for Efficient and Reliable Droplet Routing on MEDA Biochips","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Approach for Efficient and Reliable Droplet Routing on MEDA Biochips","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288391552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006106545","display_name":"Mahmoud Elfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-1255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Elfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-1255","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024627427","display_name":"Yi-Chen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2223-9592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Chen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2223-9592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062360441","display_name":"Harrison Hao-Yu Ku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-1858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harrison Hao-Yu Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-1858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040267274","display_name":"Tung-Che Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1444-2611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tung-Che Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Hardware Department, Nvidia Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hardware Department, Nvidia Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880864","display_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086742584","display_name":"Miroslav Paji\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-0117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miroslav Pajic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-0117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5301,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6214289,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"1212","last_page":"1222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11393","display_name":"Biosensors and Analytical Detection","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochip","display_name":"Biochip","score":0.9313595294952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.7040669322013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5869393348693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5369083881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4948987364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidics","display_name":"Microfluidics","score":0.4146338105201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4120194613933563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38307568430900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.29849958419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.24571529030799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18126419186592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.15929323434829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10718652606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08450475335121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.07370004057884216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.9313595294952393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.7040669322013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5869393348693848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5369083881378174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4948987364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.4146338105201721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4120194613933563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38307568430900574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.29849958419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.24571529030799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18126419186592102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.15929323434829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10718652606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08450475335121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.07370004057884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3194808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4639441110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1914796","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987214109","https://openalex.org/W2003295114","https://openalex.org/W2018208873","https://openalex.org/W2028463554","https://openalex.org/W2113162124","https://openalex.org/W2126451255","https://openalex.org/W2140911286","https://openalex.org/W2142937706","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2510233378","https://openalex.org/W2510328378","https://openalex.org/W2531523738","https://openalex.org/W2538785073","https://openalex.org/W2575705757","https://openalex.org/W2599588613","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2738687125","https://openalex.org/W2759660240","https://openalex.org/W2799453471","https://openalex.org/W2998070878","https://openalex.org/W3007374234","https://openalex.org/W3028356406","https://openalex.org/W3041097397","https://openalex.org/W3081542135","https://openalex.org/W3086648936","https://openalex.org/W3089667633","https://openalex.org/W3093912324","https://openalex.org/W3116323930","https://openalex.org/W3183941871","https://openalex.org/W3197812876","https://openalex.org/W4253365321","https://openalex.org/W4280649524","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6779611518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834829329","https://openalex.org/W2738065864","https://openalex.org/W2757330072","https://openalex.org/W2058157955","https://openalex.org/W2080689897","https://openalex.org/W2050636534","https://openalex.org/W2143233838","https://openalex.org/W4323825059","https://openalex.org/W2242030213","https://openalex.org/W2124050210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95],"micro-electrode-dot-array":[1],"(MEDA)":[2],"architecture":[3],"provides":[4,126,178],"precise":[5],"droplet":[6,52],"control":[7],"and":[8,30,45,89,115,163,211],"real-time":[9,39],"sensing":[10,40,103],"in":[11,32,74,104,183],"digital":[12],"microfluidic":[13,214],"biochips.":[14,143],"Previous":[15],"work":[16],"has":[17],"shown":[18],"that":[19,61,123,147,193],"trapped":[20],"charge":[21,113],"under":[22],"microelectrodes":[23],"(MCs)":[24],"leads":[25],"to":[26,47,85,107,200,217],"droplets":[27],"being":[28],"stuck":[29],"failures":[31],"fluidic":[33],"operations.":[34],"A":[35],"recent":[36],"approach":[37,84,125,139,177],"utilizes":[38,98],"of":[41,70,93,101,112,160,186,202,213],"MC":[42],"health":[43,102],"status,":[44],"attempts":[46],"avoid":[48,116],"degraded":[49,87,118,187],"electrodes":[50,88],"during":[51],"routing.":[53,94],"However,":[54],"the":[55,62,91,99,110,148,153,184,194,209],"problem":[56],"with":[57,169],"this":[58,75],"solution":[59],"is":[60,65,198],"computational":[63],"complexity":[64],"unacceptable":[66],"for":[67,130],"MEDA":[68],"biochips":[69,215],"realistic":[71],"size.":[72],"Consequently,":[73],"work,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"a":[79,157,170],"deep":[80],"reinforcement":[81],"learning":[82],"(DRL)-based":[83],"bypass":[86],"enhance":[90],"reliability":[92],"DRL":[96,150],"model":[97,151],"information":[100],"real":[105],"time":[106],"proactively":[108],"reduce":[109],"likelihood":[111],"trapping":[114],"using":[117,140,156],"MCs.":[119],"Simulation":[120],"results":[121,145,191],"show":[122,146,192],"our":[124,137,175],"effective":[127],"routing":[128,154,172,180,197],"strategies":[129,181],"COVID-19":[131],"testing":[132],"protocols.":[133],"We":[134],"also":[135],"validate":[136],"DRL-based":[138,176,196],"fabricated":[141],"prototype":[142],"Experimental":[144],"developed":[149],"completed":[152],"tasks":[155],"fewer":[158],"number":[159],"clock":[161],"cycles":[162],"shorter":[164],"total":[165],"execution":[166],"time,":[167],"compared":[168,216],"baseline":[171],"method.":[173],"Moreover,":[174],"reliable":[179],"even":[182],"presence":[185],"electrodes.":[188],"Our":[189],"experimental":[190],"proposed":[195],"robust":[199],"occurrences":[201],"electrode":[203],"faults,":[204],"as":[205,207],"well":[206],"increases":[208],"lifetime":[210],"usability":[212],"existing":[218],"strategies.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
