{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285291849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355","title":"Hardware Trojan Detection Using Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Hardware Trojan Detection Using Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285291849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021974773","display_name":"Rozhin Yasaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-9865"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rozhin Yasaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-9865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luke Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-6047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-6047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057462595","display_name":"Shih-Yuan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-3299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Yuan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8329-3299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055814180","display_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0497"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-0497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.316,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99463807,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1","first_page":"25","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.8337681293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7533509731292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.5945053100585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.5354843735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4741784334182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45780324935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4198017120361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.41325193643569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3503847122192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3314979672431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.29997003078460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18729650974273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.1484835147857666}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.8337681293487549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7533509731292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.5945053100585938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.5354843735694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4741784334182739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45780324935913086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4198017120361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.41325193643569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3503847122192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3314979672431946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.29997003078460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18729650974273682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.1484835147857666}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3178355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1391213616","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-17-1-2499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W347636100","https://openalex.org/W1591013007","https://openalex.org/W1994870682","https://openalex.org/W2021949528","https://openalex.org/W2047855165","https://openalex.org/W2080267935","https://openalex.org/W2099836087","https://openalex.org/W2122509673","https://openalex.org/W2151668694","https://openalex.org/W2166778460","https://openalex.org/W2207233201","https://openalex.org/W2291231941","https://openalex.org/W2296231679","https://openalex.org/W2403248509","https://openalex.org/W2432335885","https://openalex.org/W2606854262","https://openalex.org/W2753199827","https://openalex.org/W2756672502","https://openalex.org/W2757667045","https://openalex.org/W2773454665","https://openalex.org/W2782017703","https://openalex.org/W2794770547","https://openalex.org/W2809893299","https://openalex.org/W2909950944","https://openalex.org/W2943074664","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2989672901","https://openalex.org/W3011296795","https://openalex.org/W3012450843","https://openalex.org/W3013463124","https://openalex.org/W3013839315","https://openalex.org/W3106788038","https://openalex.org/W3135635993","https://openalex.org/W3183885212","https://openalex.org/W3186572303","https://openalex.org/W3187009719","https://openalex.org/W3198511427","https://openalex.org/W3211948120","https://openalex.org/W3216472574","https://openalex.org/W4231170123","https://openalex.org/W6761665040","https://openalex.org/W6763912176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2795151239","https://openalex.org/W2724859555","https://openalex.org/W3160241274","https://openalex.org/W2800991926","https://openalex.org/W2536483783","https://openalex.org/W3040363299","https://openalex.org/W2756672502","https://openalex.org/W2903337714","https://openalex.org/W3114336057","https://openalex.org/W2104671161"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,172],"globalization":[1],"of":[2,12,35,69,143,153],"the":[3,13,31,43,60,63,67,70,81,100,107,141,144,154,167],"Integrated":[4],"Circuit":[5],"(IC)":[6],"supply":[7],"chain":[8],"has":[9],"moved":[10],"most":[11],"design,":[14],"fabrication,":[15],"and":[16,65,130,193],"testing":[17],"process":[18],"from":[19],"a":[20,92,96,117,147,162],"single":[21],"trusted":[22],"entity":[23],"to":[24,47,88,109,139],"various":[25],"untrusted":[26,37],"third":[27],"party":[28],"entities":[29],"around":[30],"world.":[32],"risk":[34],"using":[36],"third-Party":[38],"Intellectual":[39],"Property":[40],"(3PIP)":[41],"is":[42],"possibility":[44],"for":[45,102,124,191,198],"adversaries":[46],"insert":[48],"malicious":[49],"modifications":[50],"known":[51],"as":[52],"Hardware":[53],"Trojans":[54],"(HTs).":[55],"These":[56],"HTs":[57,180],"can":[58],"compromise":[59],"integrity,":[61],"deteriorate":[62],"performance,":[64],"deny":[66],"functionality":[68],"intended":[71],"design.":[72,156],"Various":[73],"HT":[74,121,169],"detection":[75,98,122],"methods":[76],"have":[77],"been":[78],"proposed":[79],"in":[80,189,196],"literature;":[82],"however,":[83],"many":[84],"fall":[85],"short":[86],"due":[87],"their":[89],"reliance":[90],"on":[91,161],"golden":[93,119],"reference":[94],"circuit,":[95],"limited":[97],"scope,":[99],"need":[101],"manual":[103],"code":[104],"review,":[105],"or":[106],"inability":[108],"scale":[110],"with":[111,181],"large":[112],"modern":[113],"designs.":[114],"We":[115,157],"propose":[116],"novel":[118],"reference-free":[120],"method":[123],"both":[125],"Register":[126],"Transfer":[127],"Level":[128],"(RTL)":[129],"gate-level":[131],"netlists":[132],"by":[133,165],"leveraging":[134],"Graph":[135,150],"Neural":[136],"Networks":[137],"(GNNs)":[138],"learn":[140],"behavior":[142],"circuit":[145],"through":[146],"Data":[148],"Flow":[149],"(DFG)":[151],"representation":[152],"hardware":[155],"evaluate":[158],"our":[159,176],"model":[160],"custom":[163],"dataset":[164],"expanding":[166],"Trusthub":[168],"benchmarks":[170],"trusthub1.":[171],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"that":[175],"approach":[177],"detects":[178],"unknown":[179],"97%":[182],"recall":[183,195],"(true":[184],"positive":[185],"rate)":[186],"very":[187],"fast":[188],"21.1ms":[190],"RTL":[192],"84%":[194],"13.42s":[197],"Gate-Level":[199],"Netlist.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
