{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285122771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219","title":"F-LEMMA: Fast Learning-Based Energy Management for Multi-/Many-Core Processors","display_name":"F-LEMMA: Fast Learning-Based Energy Management for Multi-/Many-Core Processors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285122771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090386055","display_name":"An Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-5281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"An Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024303770","display_name":"Yehan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8595-1619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yehan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032975353","display_name":"Karthik Garimella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1914-4907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Garimella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763132","display_name":"Benjamin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1171-4741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076029698","display_name":"Christopher Gill","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Gill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010392575","display_name":"Xuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0482-5435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090386055"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1353,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75637446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"2","first_page":"616","last_page":"629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-scaling","display_name":"Frequency scaling","score":0.6867220401763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-management","display_name":"Power management","score":0.6263190507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5987276434898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5064963102340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4939194321632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4405990242958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4354135990142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.387304425239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.38085901737213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3393072783946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21566256880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20620745420455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12734508514404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10226774215698242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157742956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237776","display_name":"Frequency scaling","level":3,"score":0.6867220401763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.6263190507888794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5987276434898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5064963102340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4939194321632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4405990242958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4354135990142822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.387304425239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.38085901737213135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3393072783946991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21566256880760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20620745420455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12734508514404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10226774215698242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3176219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2609245565","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1822085","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4171381304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Task 2821","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4775902049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Task 2810","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","funder_display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7403178373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1527610","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7659338309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62103268","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7679193398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1408784","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G803271734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1739643","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1642255152","https://openalex.org/W1967950499","https://openalex.org/W1973022932","https://openalex.org/W1975844231","https://openalex.org/W1982463304","https://openalex.org/W2008093830","https://openalex.org/W2015674476","https://openalex.org/W2016088676","https://openalex.org/W2017472544","https://openalex.org/W2018285404","https://openalex.org/W2034062945","https://openalex.org/W2036903086","https://openalex.org/W2038714764","https://openalex.org/W2048085362","https://openalex.org/W2054308588","https://openalex.org/W2058669602","https://openalex.org/W2071522743","https://openalex.org/W2077635370","https://openalex.org/W2101020117","https://openalex.org/W2116175063","https://openalex.org/W2117299787","https://openalex.org/W2124086785","https://openalex.org/W2126537242","https://openalex.org/W2128369355","https://openalex.org/W2133385928","https://openalex.org/W2136325278","https://openalex.org/W2139177908","https://openalex.org/W2151396120","https://openalex.org/W2162082972","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2217616241","https://openalex.org/W2235495043","https://openalex.org/W2318181542","https://openalex.org/W2486470715","https://openalex.org/W2532540554","https://openalex.org/W2587460834","https://openalex.org/W2605064730","https://openalex.org/W2610006549","https://openalex.org/W2610603505","https://openalex.org/W2611990469","https://openalex.org/W2624897894","https://openalex.org/W2794206536","https://openalex.org/W2889579855","https://openalex.org/W2898122376","https://openalex.org/W2898716439","https://openalex.org/W2913923809","https://openalex.org/W2925744458","https://openalex.org/W2944815804","https://openalex.org/W2961245123","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W3097660259","https://openalex.org/W3107618978","https://openalex.org/W3110006582","https://openalex.org/W3144941633","https://openalex.org/W4237720872","https://openalex.org/W4241105104","https://openalex.org/W4243657552","https://openalex.org/W4253684726","https://openalex.org/W6653915021","https://openalex.org/W6678479259","https://openalex.org/W6684252002","https://openalex.org/W6692846177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157446369","https://openalex.org/W3200518526","https://openalex.org/W2292897598","https://openalex.org/W2036903086","https://openalex.org/W2069699332","https://openalex.org/W2532692304","https://openalex.org/W2054283680","https://openalex.org/W4200001661","https://openalex.org/W2519926484","https://openalex.org/W4291014852"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,54,61,110,120,128,138,144,149,169],"last":[2],"two":[3],"decades,":[4],"as":[5],"microprocessors":[6],"have":[7],"evolved":[8],"to":[9,35,84,152,210],"achieve":[10,153,178],"higher":[11],"computational":[12],"performance,":[13],"their":[14],"power":[15,29,107,116,165,195,222],"density":[16],"has":[17,226],"also":[18],"increased":[19],"at":[20,119,127,137,202],"an":[21],"accelerated":[22],"rate.":[23],"Improving":[24],"energy":[25,44,180],"efficiency":[26,45],"and":[27,49,81,123,140,155],"reducing":[28],"consumption":[30],"are":[31],"therefore":[32],"critically":[33],"important":[34],"modern":[36],"computing":[37],"systems.":[38],"One":[39],"effective":[40,82,154],"technique":[41],"for":[42],"improving":[43],"is":[46],"dynamic":[47],"voltage":[48,58],"frequency":[50],"scaling":[51],"(DVFS).":[52],"With":[53],"emergence":[55],"of":[56,63,104,148,187],"integrated":[57],"regulators":[59],"(IVRs),":[60],"speed":[62],"DVFS":[64,87,101],"can":[65,177,199,206],"reach":[66],"microsecond":[67],"(":[68],"<inline-formula":[69,157],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[70,158],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[71,159],"<tex-math":[72,160],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[73,161],"\\text{s}$":[74,162],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[75,163],")":[76],"timescales.":[77],"However,":[78],"a":[79,89,97,105,113,124,184,227],"practical":[80],"strategy":[83],"guide":[85],"fast":[86],"remains":[88],"challenge.":[90],"In":[91],"this":[92],"article,":[93],"we":[94],"propose":[95],"F-LEMMA:":[96],"fast,":[98],"learning-based,":[99],"hierarchical":[100,133],"framework":[102],"consisting":[103],"global":[106],"allocator":[108],"in":[109],"kernel":[111],"space,":[112],"reinforcement":[114],"learning-based":[115],"management":[117,166,196],"scheme":[118],"architecture":[121,141],"level,":[122],"swift":[125,150],"controller":[126,151],"digital":[129],"circuit":[130],"level.":[131],"This":[132],"approach":[134],"leverages":[135],"computation":[136],"system":[139],"levels":[142],"with":[143,191,219],"short":[145],"response":[146],"time":[147],"rapid":[156],"-level":[164],"supported":[167],"by":[168],"IVR.":[170],"Our":[171],"experimental":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"that":[175,198],"F-LEMMA":[176,205],"significant":[179],"savings":[181],"(35.2%)":[182],"across":[183,216],"broad":[185],"range":[186],"workloads.":[188],"Conservatively":[189],"compared":[190],"existing":[192],"state-of-the-art":[193,220],"DVFS-based":[194],"schemes":[197],"only":[200],"operate":[201],"millisecond":[203],"timescales,":[204],"provide":[207],"notable":[208],"(up":[209],"11%)":[211],"energy-delay":[212],"product":[213],"(EDP)":[214],"improvements":[215],"benchmarks.":[217],"Compared":[218],"nonlearning-based":[221],"management,":[223],"our":[224],"method":[225],"universally":[228],"positive":[229],"effect":[230],"on":[231],"evaluated":[232],"benchmarks,":[233],"proving":[234],"its":[235],"adaptability.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}