{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214868150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","title":"An Automatic Circuit Design Framework for Level Shifter Circuits","display_name":"An Automatic Circuit Design Framework for Level Shifter Circuits","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214868150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9956950/09723443.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9956950/09723443.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009881088","display_name":"Jiwoo Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-994X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120602","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01w62yz22","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwoo Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7964-994X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429333","display_name":"Sunghoon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3944-8414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120602","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01w62yz22","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunghoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3944-8414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053248335","display_name":"Dongsuk Jeon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120602","display_name":"Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01w62yz22","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongsuk Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0395-8076","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Research Institute for Convergence Science, and the Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467","https://openalex.org/I4210120602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8183,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67444568,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"12","first_page":"5169","last_page":"5181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5916174650192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-design","display_name":"Circuit design","score":0.5758035182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-design-automation","display_name":"Electronic design automation","score":0.5228515267372131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.48098838329315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44992080330848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.43970340490341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.4385341703891754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39012113213539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3529103398323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3237161636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.24268347024917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19500204920768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.186555415391922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5916174650192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190560348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3245116","display_name":"Circuit design","level":2,"score":0.5758035182952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64260653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194864","display_name":"Electronic design automation","level":2,"score":0.5228515267372131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.48098838329315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44992080330848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.43970340490341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.4385341703891754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39012113213539124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3529103398323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3237161636352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.24268347024917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19500204920768738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.186555415391922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9956950/09723443.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2022.3155444","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9956950/09723443.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1465428263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A4A4079177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2351560784","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2019R1C1C1004927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3870417288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1A4A4079177","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214868150.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214868150.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568314586","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1815076433","https://openalex.org/W1890013361","https://openalex.org/W2018989845","https://openalex.org/W2023393773","https://openalex.org/W2025680864","https://openalex.org/W2030764000","https://openalex.org/W2031298013","https://openalex.org/W2040810246","https://openalex.org/W2046328375","https://openalex.org/W2074197819","https://openalex.org/W2078175791","https://openalex.org/W2082007216","https://openalex.org/W2099549006","https://openalex.org/W2111935653","https://openalex.org/W2119581540","https://openalex.org/W2120889849","https://openalex.org/W2126428215","https://openalex.org/W2152583886","https://openalex.org/W2160587789","https://openalex.org/W2167344012","https://openalex.org/W2213126901","https://openalex.org/W2343390272","https://openalex.org/W2482869441","https://openalex.org/W2522145311","https://openalex.org/W2599742786","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2769791151","https://openalex.org/W2789272543","https://openalex.org/W2798705390","https://openalex.org/W2892708117","https://openalex.org/W2942886067","https://openalex.org/W2943505044","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W3035803417","https://openalex.org/W3036532492","https://openalex.org/W3092618035","https://openalex.org/W4289143671","https://openalex.org/W6638545294","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6757150747","https://openalex.org/W6825071894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312076519","https://openalex.org/W2391863233","https://openalex.org/W1970528334","https://openalex.org/W1992128702","https://openalex.org/W2039041127","https://openalex.org/W1563430967","https://openalex.org/W2373386111","https://openalex.org/W2066877376","https://openalex.org/W339514002","https://openalex.org/W2122028826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"design":[1,16,61,71,99],"automation":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,20],"key":[5],"enabler":[6],"of":[7,52,87],"modern":[8],"large-scale":[9],"digital":[10],"systems,":[11],"automating":[12],"the":[13,59,85,96,104,109,118],"transistor-level":[14],"circuit":[15,55,70,77,115],"process":[17],"still":[18],"remains":[19],"challenge.":[21],"Some":[22],"recent":[23],"works":[24],"suggest":[25],"that":[26,73,108],"deep":[27],"learning":[28],"algorithms":[29],"could":[30],"be":[31],"adopted":[32],"to":[33,57,98],"find":[34],"optimal":[35],"transistor":[36],"dimensions":[37],"in":[38],"relatively":[39],"small":[40],"circuitry":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,81,83],"analog":[44],"amplifiers.":[45],"However,":[46],"those":[47],"approaches":[48],"are":[49],"not":[50],"capable":[51],"exploring":[53],"different":[54],"structures":[56,78],"meet":[58],"given":[60],"constraints.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"work,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"an":[68],"automatic":[69],"framework":[72,97,110],"can":[74],"generate":[75],"practical":[76],"from":[79],"scratch":[80],"well":[82],"optimize":[84],"size":[86],"each":[88],"transistor,":[89],"considering":[90],"performance":[91],"and":[92,103,117],"reliability.":[93],"We":[94],"employ":[95],"level":[100,113],"shifter":[101,114],"circuits,":[102],"experimental":[105],"results":[106],"show":[107],"produces":[111],"novel":[112],"topologies":[116],"automatically":[119],"optimized":[120],"designs":[121],"achieve":[122],"<inline-formula":[123,131],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[124,132],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[125,133],"<tex-math":[126,134],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2.8\\times":[127],"$":[128,136],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[129,137],"\u2013":[130],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5.3\\times":[135],"lower":[138],"power-delay":[139],"product":[140],"(PDP)":[141],"than":[142],"prior":[143],"arts":[144],"designed":[145],"by":[146],"human":[147],"experts.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}