{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117489641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","title":"Fundamental Limits on Energy-Delay-Accuracy of In-Memory Architectures in Inference Applications","display_name":"Fundamental Limits on Energy-Delay-Accuracy of In-Memory Architectures in Inference Applications","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117489641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","mag":"3117489641"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9895338/09598887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9895338/09598887.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030673462","display_name":"Sujan K. Gonugondla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-6461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sujan K. Gonugondla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","nVidia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047303294","display_name":"Charbel Sakr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5641-0541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1304085615","display_name":"Nvidia (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02kr42612","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charbel Sakr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","nVidia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"nVidia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036439422","display_name":"Hassan Dbouk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8597-2121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Dbouk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057014407","display_name":"Naresh R. Shanbhag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4323-9164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naresh R. Shanbhag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","Information Trust Institute"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Trust Institute","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030673462"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1304085615","https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.18336285,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47968283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"10","first_page":"3188","last_page":"3201"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5708940029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5631830096244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47814619541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.46761974692344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.46277177333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.4577670395374298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.44592466950416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.44562965631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3281731605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18431544303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.12556025385856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12025022506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.11091235280036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.09873899817466736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5708940029144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5631830096244812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47814619541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.46761974692344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.46277177333831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.4577670395374298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.44592466950416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.44562965631484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3281731605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18431544303894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.12556025385856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12025022506713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11091235280036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09873899817466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9895338/09598887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.13645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.13645","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.13645","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3117489641","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2012.13645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.13645","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2012.13645","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3124757","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/43/9895338/09598887.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117489641.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117489641.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601138654","https://openalex.org/W2026302983","https://openalex.org/W2048251158","https://openalex.org/W2130176739","https://openalex.org/W2132870761","https://openalex.org/W2146276996","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2587415333","https://openalex.org/W2591601611","https://openalex.org/W2741318576","https://openalex.org/W2743575791","https://openalex.org/W2782511028","https://openalex.org/W2786771851","https://openalex.org/W2790511620","https://openalex.org/W2790556218","https://openalex.org/W2792893539","https://openalex.org/W2890770683","https://openalex.org/W2891442728","https://openalex.org/W2895367957","https://openalex.org/W2898665561","https://openalex.org/W2898913080","https://openalex.org/W2899641901","https://openalex.org/W2916391703","https://openalex.org/W2922487710","https://openalex.org/W2945445229","https://openalex.org/W2963374099","https://openalex.org/W2964176059","https://openalex.org/W2965106300","https://openalex.org/W2965129158","https://openalex.org/W2965389440","https://openalex.org/W2966285227","https://openalex.org/W2966524683","https://openalex.org/W2966878541","https://openalex.org/W2969812992","https://openalex.org/W2981124343","https://openalex.org/W3000296772","https://openalex.org/W3000301330","https://openalex.org/W3004109885","https://openalex.org/W3005729543","https://openalex.org/W3013739639","https://openalex.org/W3015271406","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3015655039","https://openalex.org/W3016014942","https://openalex.org/W3016021860","https://openalex.org/W3019919293","https://openalex.org/W3026786299","https://openalex.org/W3044878782","https://openalex.org/W3090316609","https://openalex.org/W3112860454","https://openalex.org/W3120016950","https://openalex.org/W3134244351","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6742116046","https://openalex.org/W6787435017","https://openalex.org/W6787493538","https://openalex.org/W6947966326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209059139","https://openalex.org/W2102854940","https://openalex.org/W2347518786","https://openalex.org/W3099416516","https://openalex.org/W2789555092","https://openalex.org/W2006002274","https://openalex.org/W2054993252","https://openalex.org/W2530528254","https://openalex.org/W3131698708","https://openalex.org/W2607559413","https://openalex.org/W1982251087","https://openalex.org/W2019136829","https://openalex.org/W3043997962","https://openalex.org/W2784015080","https://openalex.org/W2312342728","https://openalex.org/W2754315607","https://openalex.org/W2967976419","https://openalex.org/W2019524229","https://openalex.org/W2903884281","https://openalex.org/W2901688689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"obtains":[2],"fundamental":[3],"limits":[4],"on":[5,160,168],"the":[6,31,39,60,76,108,119],"computational":[7],"precision":[8,53,69],"of":[9,33,43,126],"in-memory":[10,80],"computing":[11],"architectures":[12,201],"(IMCs).":[13],"An":[14],"IMC":[15],"noise":[16],"model":[17],"and":[18,24,47,51,90,104,113,124,171,174],"associated":[19],"SNR":[20,41,63,130,208],"metrics":[21],"are":[22,95,111,132,202],"defined":[23],"their":[25,161],"interrelationships":[26],"analyzed":[27],"to":[28,55,74,97,115,166,191],"show":[29],"that":[30,48],"accuracy":[32],"IMCs":[34,155],"is":[35,72,151],"fundamentally":[36],"limited":[37],"by":[38],"compute":[40,81,109,129,207],"($\\text{SNR}_{\\text{a}}$)":[42],"its":[44],"analog":[45],"core,":[46],"activation,":[49],"weight":[50],"output":[52,62],"needs":[54],"be":[56,192],"assigned":[57],"appropriately":[58],"for":[59,107,118,182,204],"final":[61],"$\\text{SNR}_{\\text{T}}":[64,188],"\\rightarrow":[65,189],"\\text{SNR}_{\\text{a}}$.":[66],"The":[67,128],"minimum":[68],"criterion":[70],"(MPC)":[71],"proposed":[73],"minimize":[75],"ADC":[77,121,196],"precision.":[78],"Three":[79],"models":[82,110],"-":[83,94],"charge":[84,91],"summing":[85,88],"(QS),":[86],"current":[87],"(IS)":[89],"redistribution":[92],"(QR)":[93],"shown":[96,152],"underlie":[98],"most":[99],"known":[100],"IMCs.":[101,127],"Noise,":[102],"energy":[103],"delay":[105],"expressions":[106,117,131],"developed":[112],"employed":[114],"derive":[116],"SNR,":[120],"precision,":[122],"energy,":[123,169],"latency":[125],"validated":[133],"via":[134],"Monte":[135],"Carlo":[136],"simulations":[137],"in":[138],"a":[139,145],"65":[140],"nm":[141],"CMOS":[142],"process.":[143],"For":[144],"512":[146],"row":[147],"SRAM":[148],"array,":[149],"it":[150],"that:":[153],"1)":[154],"have":[156],"an":[157],"upper":[158,176],"bound":[159,177],"maximum":[162],"achievable":[163],"$\\text{SNR}_{\\text{a}}$":[164],"due":[165],"constraints":[167],"area":[170],"voltage":[172],"swing,":[173],"this":[175],"reduces":[178],"with":[179,194],"technology":[180],"scaling":[181],"QS-based":[183,199],"architectures;":[184],"2)":[185],"MPC":[186],"enables":[187],"\\text{SNR}_{\\text{a}}$":[190],"realized":[193],"minimal":[195],"precision;":[197],"3)":[198],"(QR-based)":[200],"preferred":[203],"low":[205],"(high)":[206],"scenarios.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
