{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210713253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","title":"Achievable-Rate-Aware Retention-Error Correction for Multi-Level-Cell NAND Flash Memory","display_name":"Achievable-Rate-Aware Retention-Error Correction for Multi-Level-Cell NAND Flash Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210713253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","mag":"3210713253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023031449","display_name":"Yingcheng Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-5276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingcheng Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-5276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067418255","display_name":"Yi Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-249X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-249X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339801","display_name":"Guohua Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-2444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9557-2444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065201436","display_name":"Jun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intelligent Information Engineering and Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7771-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intelligent Information Engineering and Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023031449"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1601,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54409321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"10","first_page":"3438","last_page":"3451"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7083004713058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5818765163421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5251057744026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4939189553260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4833816885948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.45828431844711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.168107807636261}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7083004713058472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5818765163421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5251057744026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4939189553260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4833816885948181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.45828431844711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.168107807636261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1938063923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20K04493","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3774914264","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4978513647","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771149","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G599531952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2001203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G782231657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014ZT05G157","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333334","funder_display_name":"Guangdong Province Introduction of Innovative R&D Team"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7907649373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019A1515011465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8244040654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333334","display_name":"Guangdong Province Introduction of Innovative R&D Team","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1549387153","https://openalex.org/W1581667811","https://openalex.org/W1899385300","https://openalex.org/W1976761722","https://openalex.org/W1989717322","https://openalex.org/W2002129922","https://openalex.org/W2005099286","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2014536047","https://openalex.org/W2041420601","https://openalex.org/W2115165154","https://openalex.org/W2118103042","https://openalex.org/W2137048573","https://openalex.org/W2143884373","https://openalex.org/W2166538764","https://openalex.org/W2198266692","https://openalex.org/W2335523622","https://openalex.org/W2530443784","https://openalex.org/W2611084627","https://openalex.org/W2685880320","https://openalex.org/W2737141984","https://openalex.org/W2745321217","https://openalex.org/W2771816653","https://openalex.org/W2789882921","https://openalex.org/W2794270047","https://openalex.org/W2899893902","https://openalex.org/W2902441131","https://openalex.org/W2905461111","https://openalex.org/W2912566712","https://openalex.org/W2944195205","https://openalex.org/W2945976347","https://openalex.org/W2962844766","https://openalex.org/W2990866053","https://openalex.org/W3008744334","https://openalex.org/W3036436862","https://openalex.org/W3081826698","https://openalex.org/W3195957763","https://openalex.org/W3210806956","https://openalex.org/W3214267057","https://openalex.org/W4236170267","https://openalex.org/W6787497281"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028024605","https://openalex.org/W2584455473","https://openalex.org/W4242263690","https://openalex.org/W4303857474","https://openalex.org/W4239295757","https://openalex.org/W2625550807","https://openalex.org/W2496161296","https://openalex.org/W1482618134","https://openalex.org/W2350861899","https://openalex.org/W2375965968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Owing":[0],"to":[1,25,51,103,119,157,185],"the":[2,13,32,47,53,58,74,77,92,116,121,133,142,146,165,170,175,188,205,208,215],"effect":[3],"of":[4,61,76,145,191,207,214],"data":[5],"retention":[6,33,38,218],"noise":[7],"in":[8,127,136,212],"multi-level-cell":[9],"NAND":[10],"flash":[11,192],"memory,":[12],"initial":[14],"threshold-voltage":[15,147],"distributions":[16],"and":[17,85,110,131,162,201],"read":[18,166],"voltages":[19],"can":[20,86],"no":[21],"longer":[22],"be":[23,87],"used":[24],"accurately":[26],"calculate":[27],"log-likelihood":[28],"ratios":[29],"(LLRs)":[30],"as":[31,104],"time":[34],"increases,":[35],"thus":[36],"causing":[37],"errors.":[39,219],"To":[40,90],"solve":[41],"this":[42],"problem,":[43],"we":[44,96,149],"first":[45],"utilize":[46,120],"so-called":[48],"\u201ccorrection":[49],"factors\u201d":[50],"optimize":[52],"LLR":[54],"accuracy":[55],"by":[56,141],"maximizing":[57],"achievable":[59],"rate":[60],"a":[62,81,128],"flash-memory":[63,117],"system":[64],"without":[65],"introducing":[66],"extra":[67],"memory-sensing":[68,197],"operations.":[69],"We":[70],"further":[71,186],"prove":[72],"that":[73,124],"optimization":[75,83],"correction":[78,94,100,107,181,210],"factors":[79],"is":[80,183],"convex":[82],"problem":[84],"solved":[88],"analytically.":[89],"obtain":[91],"optimal":[93],"factors,":[95],"propose":[97,151],"two":[98],"retention-error":[99,189],"schemes,":[101],"referred":[102],"offline":[105],"maximum-achievable-rate":[106],"(MARC)":[108],"algorithm":[109,156,173],"online":[111],"MARC":[112,176],"algorithm,":[113],"which":[114],"enable":[115],"controller":[118],"corrected":[122],"LLRs":[123,135],"are":[125],"stored":[126],"look-up":[129],"table":[130],"correct":[132],"inaccurate":[134],"real":[137],"time,":[138],"respectively.":[139],"Motivated":[140],"variation":[143],"characteristics":[144],"distributions,":[148],"also":[150],"an":[152,178],"enhanced":[153,171,179],"expectation\u2013maximization":[154],"(EM)":[155],"reestimate":[158],"their":[159],"corresponding":[160],"parameters,":[161],"then":[163],"adjust":[164],"voltages.":[167],"By":[168],"combining":[169],"EM":[172],"with":[174],"algorithms,":[177],"EM-based":[180],"strategy":[182],"developed":[184],"boost":[187],"endurance":[190],"memory":[193],"while":[194],"avoiding":[195],"excessive":[196],"overhead.":[198],"Theoretical":[199],"analyses":[200],"simulation":[202],"results":[203],"illustrate":[204],"superiority":[206],"proposed":[209],"mehtods":[211],"terms":[213],"robustness":[216],"against":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}