{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211180228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","title":"Specializing CGRAs for Light-Weight Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Specializing CGRAs for Light-Weight Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211180228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","mag":"3211180228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014438168","display_name":"Jungi Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5629-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jungi Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100780257","display_name":"Jongeun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1523-2974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014438168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90706848,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"10","first_page":"3387","last_page":"3399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7456666827201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7122472524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.6841084361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5383929014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.493071049451828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.47040969133377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.46860894560813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4384008049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.42859864234924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.39545127749443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3551364541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29297584295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.25411003828048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16085022687911987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.07110804319381714}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7456666827201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7122472524642944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.6841084361076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5383929014205933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.493071049451828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.47040969133377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46860894560813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4384008049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.42859864234924316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.39545127749443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3551364541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29297584295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25411003828048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16085022687911987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.07110804319381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3123178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.unist.ac.kr:201301/55916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/55916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401118","display_name":"Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48566637","host_organization_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48566637"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"ARTICLE"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3101108053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2021-0-02052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3463320963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1.170067.01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321348","funder_display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5974236209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C2015066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321348","display_name":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/017cjz748"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322202","display_name":"IC Design Education Center","ror":"https://ror.org/005v57z85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173935616","https://openalex.org/W1573851380","https://openalex.org/W1964191474","https://openalex.org/W1980329590","https://openalex.org/W1980543047","https://openalex.org/W1983592488","https://openalex.org/W2018348175","https://openalex.org/W2021552071","https://openalex.org/W2025787141","https://openalex.org/W2083150975","https://openalex.org/W2098908185","https://openalex.org/W2100027188","https://openalex.org/W2105641776","https://openalex.org/W2159108969","https://openalex.org/W2169749035","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2612090114","https://openalex.org/W2725159389","https://openalex.org/W2741661236","https://openalex.org/W2792626659","https://openalex.org/W2799198278","https://openalex.org/W2808787892","https://openalex.org/W2894631351","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963125010","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2972442919","https://openalex.org/W3004127905","https://openalex.org/W3090102894","https://openalex.org/W3184782324","https://openalex.org/W4234977208","https://openalex.org/W4239270458","https://openalex.org/W4243315213","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6678301438","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6768288866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143502885","https://openalex.org/W42113618","https://openalex.org/W2103468410","https://openalex.org/W2480115405","https://openalex.org/W3197542402","https://openalex.org/W1856228368","https://openalex.org/W2971527398","https://openalex.org/W4361003569","https://openalex.org/W2981421796","https://openalex.org/W3013241373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"network":[2],"(DNN)":[3],"processing":[4],"units,":[5],"or":[6],"DPUs,":[7],"are":[8,47,88],"one":[9],"of":[10,51,67,78,158],"the":[11,89,156],"most":[12,90],"energy-efficient":[13],"platforms":[14],"for":[15,22,59],"DNN":[16,24,97],"applications.":[17],"However,":[18],"designing":[19],"new":[20],"DPUs":[21],"every":[23],"model":[25],"is":[26],"very":[27],"costly":[28],"and":[29,55,82],"time":[30],"consuming.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"article,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"an":[37],"alternative":[38],"approach:":[39],"to":[40,74],"specialize":[41],"coarse-grained":[42],"reconfigurable":[43],"architectures":[44],"(CGRAs),":[45],"which":[46,87],"already":[48],"quite":[49],"capable":[50],"delivering":[52],"high":[53,56],"performance":[54],"energy":[57],"efficiency":[58,151],"compute-intensive":[60],"kernels.":[61],"We":[62],"identify":[63],"a":[64,71,130,134],"small":[65],"set":[66],"architectural":[68,160],"features":[69,161],"on":[70,126],"baseline":[72,131],"CGRA":[73,108,132,136,141],"enable":[75],"high-performance":[76],"mapping":[77],"depthwise":[79,163],"convolution":[80,84,148,165],"(DWC)":[81],"pointwise":[83],"(PWC)":[85],"kernels,":[86],"important":[91],"building":[92],"block":[93],"in":[94,121],"recent":[95],"light-weight":[96],"models.":[98],"Our":[99],"experimental":[100],"results":[101],"using":[102],"MobileNets":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"that":[105],"our":[106,139,159],"proposed":[107,140],"enhancement":[109],"can":[110,143],"deliver":[111],"<inline-formula":[112],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[113],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[114],"<tex-math":[115],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$8\\sim":[116],"18\\times":[117],"$":[118],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[119],"improvement":[120],"area-delay":[122],"product":[123],"(ADP)":[124],"depending":[125],"layer":[127],"type,":[128],"over":[129],"with":[133,149],"state-of-the-art":[135],"compiler.":[137],"Moreover,":[138],"architecture":[142],"also":[144],"speed":[145],"up":[146],"3-D":[147],"similar":[150],"as":[152],"previous":[153],"work,":[154],"demonstrating":[155],"effectiveness":[157],"beyond":[162],"separable":[164],"(DSC)":[166],"layers.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}