{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3205015346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","title":"NC-Net: Efficient Neuromorphic Computing Using Aggregated Subnets on a Crossbar-Based Architecture With Nonvolatile Memory","display_name":"NC-Net: Efficient Neuromorphic Computing Using Aggregated Subnets on a Crossbar-Based Architecture With Nonvolatile Memory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3205015346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","mag":"3205015346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630043","display_name":"Tao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101515146","display_name":"Liwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-714X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-714X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009388005","display_name":"Huaipeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-3067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaipeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069998800","display_name":"Chuping Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuping Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-6037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641605","display_name":"Xuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-2585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090974995","display_name":"Yingnan Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2540-1885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingnan Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023989495","display_name":"Weng\u2010Fai Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Fai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599295","display_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101630043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80404177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"9","first_page":"2957","last_page":"2969"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7501658201217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.7263069152832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.7188209295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5799227952957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5690363645553589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5483040809631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4973917305469513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.43960097432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-architecture","display_name":"Hardware architecture","score":0.4210730791091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36597609519958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34763941168785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.32288265228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10484030842781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10245350003242493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7501658201217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.7263069152832031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.7188209295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5799227952957153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5690363645553589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5483040809631348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4973917305469513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.43960097432136536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.4210730791091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36597609519958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34763941168785095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32288265228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10484030842781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10245350003242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3120068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2021383442","https://openalex.org/W2022673945","https://openalex.org/W2082690044","https://openalex.org/W2108148142","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2127277527","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2323986115","https://openalex.org/W2343612026","https://openalex.org/W2398640840","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2408724663","https://openalex.org/W2526646482","https://openalex.org/W2554302513","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2559718113","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2593564159","https://openalex.org/W2605663629","https://openalex.org/W2608368962","https://openalex.org/W2725092576","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2787759178","https://openalex.org/W2794141774","https://openalex.org/W2798878556","https://openalex.org/W2906472504","https://openalex.org/W2909633668","https://openalex.org/W2913104037","https://openalex.org/W2920270483","https://openalex.org/W2923010225","https://openalex.org/W2960778947","https://openalex.org/W2964263004","https://openalex.org/W2964338223","https://openalex.org/W2966081953","https://openalex.org/W2969335882","https://openalex.org/W3032936265","https://openalex.org/W3088599523","https://openalex.org/W3091431973","https://openalex.org/W3091835145","https://openalex.org/W3107913576","https://openalex.org/W3174155187","https://openalex.org/W4243519499","https://openalex.org/W4245731639","https://openalex.org/W4254672563","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6686394896","https://openalex.org/W6732370935","https://openalex.org/W6758046424"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2951247785","https://openalex.org/W2620982695","https://openalex.org/W2318055467","https://openalex.org/W4308098692","https://openalex.org/W2001480795","https://openalex.org/W2320205417","https://openalex.org/W2807081766","https://openalex.org/W2524802307","https://openalex.org/W2773100214","https://openalex.org/W3124814002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"computing":[1],"chips":[2],"consisting":[3],"of":[4,7,15,27,54,73,100,112,149,164,272,295],"crossbar":[5,150,170,198],"arrays":[6],"emergent":[8],"nonvolatile":[9],"memory":[10],"(NVM)":[11],"have":[12],"the":[13,24,50,62,67,74,81,84,98,113,146,154,160,189,197,253,258,265,277,293],"potential":[14],"achieving":[16],"both":[17,205],"high":[18,89,240],"energy":[19],"efficiency":[20,294],"and":[21,45,52,77,130,133,138,162,208,227],"throughput":[22],"as":[23,41,252],"low-power":[25],"implementation":[26],"convolutional":[28],"neural":[29],"network":[30,191],"(CNN)":[31],"inference":[32],"engines.":[33],"However,":[34],"such":[35,40],"hardware":[36,75,85,147,171],"has":[37,64],"design":[38,51,66,175,186],"constraints,":[39],"its":[42],"limited":[43],"fan-in/fan-out":[44],"resource-inefficient":[46],"mapping,":[47],"that":[48,143],"make":[49],"deployment":[53,163],"CNN":[55,68,87,166],"on":[56,179,204,233,264],"them":[57],"challenging.":[58],"As":[59],"a":[60,109,139,165,168,174,206,209,234],"result,":[61],"user":[63],"to":[65,117,196,220,283,300],"model":[69],"with":[70,88,173,215,239,269],"intricate":[71],"knowledge":[72],"architecture":[76,137],"even":[78],"cannot":[79],"fit":[80],"models":[82],"in":[83,292],"for":[86,167,261,276],"resolution":[90,241],"image":[91],"input.":[92,254],"In":[93,157,218],"this":[94],"article,":[95],"we":[96,124,229],"propose":[97],"use":[99],"<italic":[101,180,193],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[102,181,194,244,285],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">aggregated":[103],"subnets</i>":[104],",":[105],"NC-net,":[106],"which":[107],"is":[108],"constrained":[110],"form":[111],"traditional":[114],"layer":[115],"structure,":[116],"solve":[118],"these":[119,262],"issues.":[120],"With":[121],"our":[122,158,202,231],"method,":[123],"put":[125],"forward":[126],"an":[127,270],"energy-efficient":[128],"buffer-":[129],"analogue-to-digital":[131],"converter":[132,135],"digital-to-analogue":[134],"(ADC/DAC)-free":[136],"scalable":[140],"end-to-end":[141],"solution":[142],"automatically":[144],"satisfies":[145],"constraints":[148],"architectures,":[151],"while":[152],"optimizing":[153],"resource":[155],"usage.":[156],"solution,":[159],"exploration":[161],"neuromorphic":[169,267],"start":[172],"front":[176],"end":[177],"based":[178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">TensorFlow</i>":[182,195],".":[183],"Our":[184,255],"automated":[185],"flow":[187],"maps":[188],"NC-net":[190],"from":[192],"architecture.":[199],"We":[200],"tested":[201,230],"designs":[203],"simulator":[207],"field-programmable":[210],"gate":[211],"array":[212],"(FPGA)":[213],"emulator":[214],"various":[216],"benchmarks.":[217],"addition":[219],"general":[221],"benchmarks,":[222],"including":[223],"MNIST,":[224],"SVHN,":[225],"CIFAR-10,":[226],"CIFAR-100,":[228],"system":[232,256],"real-world":[235],"application,":[236],"human":[237],"detection":[238],"(224":[242],"<inline-formula":[243,284],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[245,286],"<tex-math":[246,287],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\times":[247],"$":[248,289],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[249,290],"224)":[250],"images":[251],"achieves":[257],"state-of-the-art":[259],"accuracy":[260,271],"benchmarks":[263],"crossbar-based":[266],"hardware,":[268],"more":[273],"than":[274],"90%":[275],"latter.":[278],"It":[279],"also":[280],"yielded":[281],"up":[282],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4.25\\times":[288],"improvement":[291],"spiking":[296],"core":[297],"usage":[298],"compared":[299],"TrueNorth.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}