{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198511427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","title":"GNN-RE: Graph Neural Networks for Reverse Engineering of Gate-Level Netlists","display_name":"GNN-RE: Graph Neural Networks for Reverse Engineering of Gate-Level Netlists","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198511427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","mag":"3198511427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030348801","display_name":"Lilas Alrahis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-6833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lilas Alrahis","raw_affiliation_strings":["System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-6833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101970784","display_name":"Abhrajit Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-6714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhrajit Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","Qualcomm, San Diego, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-6714","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052751303","display_name":"Johann Knechtel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-2939"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Knechtel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5093-2939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005805069","display_name":"Satwik Patnaik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satwik Patnaik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8975-2414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078108496","display_name":"Hani Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-0278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hani Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7185-0278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013814572","display_name":"Baker Mohammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6063-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baker Mohammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6063-473X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020682177","display_name":"Mahmoud Al\u2010Qutayri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-8036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Al-Qutayri","raw_affiliation_strings":["System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.4597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99128234,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"8","first_page":"2435","last_page":"2448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.7919617295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6654602289199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.5277277231216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5247611999511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.491915225982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4862293303012848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.47809192538261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3053634762763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2001723051071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1898614466190338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.10172855854034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09740236401557922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.7919617295265198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6654602289199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.5277277231216431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5247611999511719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.491915225982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4862293303012848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.47809192538261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3053634762763977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2001723051071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1898614466190338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.10172855854034424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09740236401557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3110807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313203","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1563937974","https://openalex.org/W1966666955","https://openalex.org/W2012856167","https://openalex.org/W2026182761","https://openalex.org/W2045818632","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2122509673","https://openalex.org/W2123594341","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2154978532","https://openalex.org/W2157394537","https://openalex.org/W2160597734","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2172075479","https://openalex.org/W2242458479","https://openalex.org/W2618215639","https://openalex.org/W2652411036","https://openalex.org/W2750884072","https://openalex.org/W2804057010","https://openalex.org/W2884646805","https://openalex.org/W2912012458","https://openalex.org/W2936148765","https://openalex.org/W2945434047","https://openalex.org/W2961295589","https://openalex.org/W2963241951","https://openalex.org/W2964051675","https://openalex.org/W2978329087","https://openalex.org/W2996913104","https://openalex.org/W2998496395","https://openalex.org/W3036312847","https://openalex.org/W3102445009","https://openalex.org/W3111146368","https://openalex.org/W3114561146","https://openalex.org/W3117152020","https://openalex.org/W3129056223","https://openalex.org/W3152893301","https://openalex.org/W3176686472","https://openalex.org/W3183146245","https://openalex.org/W3187009719","https://openalex.org/W3198329143","https://openalex.org/W4243378460","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W6680861166","https://openalex.org/W6738964360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2170314243","https://openalex.org/W2119179026","https://openalex.org/W2794947590","https://openalex.org/W2114971758","https://openalex.org/W2109932036","https://openalex.org/W2093081283","https://openalex.org/W2293426816","https://openalex.org/W2750884072","https://openalex.org/W3202403423","https://openalex.org/W2327048704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,78,97,103,133,146],"generic,":[4],"machine":[5],"learning":[6],"(ML)-based":[7],"platform":[8],"for":[9,81,141],"functional":[10,110],"reverse":[11],"engineering":[12],"(RE)":[13],"of":[14,21,84,87,89,114,122,149,167,188,192],"circuits.":[15],"Our":[16],"proposed":[17],"platformGNN-REleverages":[18],"the":[19,37,40,51,82,109,119,123,128,164,174,177,181],"notion":[20],"graph":[22,62],"neural":[23],"networks":[24],"(GNNs)":[25],"to:":[26],"1)":[27],"represent":[28],"and":[29,48,72,99,111,159,180,210],"analyze":[30],"flattened/unstructured":[31],"gate-level":[32],"netlists;":[33,47],"2)":[34],"automatically":[35],"identify":[36],"boundaries":[38,129],"between":[39,130],"modules":[41],"or":[42,203],"subcircuits":[43,52,131],"implemented":[44],"in":[45,59,92,132,190],"such":[46],"3)":[49],"classify":[50],"based":[53],"on":[54,108,163],"their":[55],"functionalities.":[56],"For":[57],"GNNs":[58],"general,":[60],"each":[61,94],"node":[63,95],"is":[64,77,100],"tailored":[65],"to":[66,137,196],"learn":[67],"about":[68],"its":[69,73,115],"own":[70],"features":[71],"neighboring":[74,116],"nodes,":[75],"which":[76,125],"powerful":[79],"approach":[80],"detection":[83],"any":[85,200],"kind":[86],"subgraphs":[88],"interest.":[90],"ForGNN-RE,":[91],"particular,":[93],"represents":[96],"gate":[98],"initialized":[101],"with":[102,152],"feature":[104],"vector":[105],"that":[106],"reflects":[107],"structural":[112],"properties":[113],"gates.GNN-REalso":[117],"learns":[118],"global":[120],"structure":[121],"circuit,":[124],"facilitates":[126],"identifying":[127],"flattened":[134],"netlist.":[135],"Initially,":[136],"provide":[138],"high-quality":[139],"data":[140],"training":[142],"ofGNN-RE,":[143],"we":[144],"deploy":[145],"comprehensive":[147],"dataset":[148],"foundational":[150],"designs/components":[151],"differing":[153],"functionalities,":[154],"implementation":[155],"styles,":[156],"bit":[157],"widths,":[158],"interconnections.GNN-REis":[160],"then":[161],"tested":[162],"unseen":[165],"shares":[166],"this":[168],"custom":[169],"dataset,":[170],"as":[171,173],"well":[172],"EPFL":[175],"benchmarks,":[176,179],"ISCAS-85":[178],"74X":[182],"series":[183],"benchmarks.GNN-REachieves":[184],"an":[185],"average":[186],"accuracy":[187],"98.82%":[189],"terms":[191],"mapping":[193],"individual":[194],"gates":[195],"modules,":[197],"all":[198],"without":[199],"manual":[201],"intervention":[202],"postprocessing.":[204],"We":[205],"also":[206],"release":[207],"our":[208],"code":[209],"source":[211],"data.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}