{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3175784602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","title":"PROBE2.0: A Systematic Framework for Routability Assessment From Technology to Design in Advanced Nodes","display_name":"PROBE2.0: A Systematic Framework for Routability Assessment From Technology to Design in Advanced Nodes","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3175784602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","mag":"3175784602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039615312","display_name":"Chung\u2010Kuan Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9865-8390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Kuan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073558386","display_name":"Andrew B. Kahng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4490-5018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew B. Kahng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100635333","display_name":"Hayoung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7489-8835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Device Solutions Disivion, Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd., Hwaseong, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Device Solutions Disivion, Samsung Electronics Company, Ltd., Hwaseong, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362669","display_name":"Minsoo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-4349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minsoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020579449","display_name":"Daeyeal Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0778-0110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daeyeal Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022175392","display_name":"Dongwon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-3315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongwon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014023800","display_name":"Mingyu Woo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6772-3930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039615312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85990574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"5","first_page":"1495","last_page":"1508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.520363986492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.40598130226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.36920425295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-drawing","display_name":"Engineering drawing","score":0.3600345253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.35491111874580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3532955050468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3393256664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.32698965072631836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.520363986492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.40598130226135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.36920425295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.3600345253944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.35491111874580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3532955050468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3393256664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.32698965072631836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3093015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1900358287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1564302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8466508375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-18-2-0032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308258","display_name":"Qualcomm","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309469","display_name":"Mentor Graphics","ror":"https://ror.org/00r59k631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317705","display_name":"NXP Semiconductors","ror":"https://ror.org/059be4e97"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332195","display_name":"Samsung","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1675335411","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1970296212","https://openalex.org/W2015362661","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2061080621","https://openalex.org/W2063553865","https://openalex.org/W2119354760","https://openalex.org/W2142252848","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2516707792","https://openalex.org/W2554031552","https://openalex.org/W2595471425","https://openalex.org/W2605337839","https://openalex.org/W2625737522","https://openalex.org/W2626325543","https://openalex.org/W2752809076","https://openalex.org/W2773750423","https://openalex.org/W2789989894","https://openalex.org/W2790671107","https://openalex.org/W2792052933","https://openalex.org/W2801490189","https://openalex.org/W2805342204","https://openalex.org/W2810945905","https://openalex.org/W2884307971","https://openalex.org/W2899885603","https://openalex.org/W2906432502","https://openalex.org/W2921386757","https://openalex.org/W2921647007","https://openalex.org/W2936007546","https://openalex.org/W2937730914","https://openalex.org/W2944442872","https://openalex.org/W2946290290","https://openalex.org/W2946332877","https://openalex.org/W2997716136","https://openalex.org/W2999989574","https://openalex.org/W3007821977","https://openalex.org/W3090875125","https://openalex.org/W3100453629","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3145272032","https://openalex.org/W3217205536","https://openalex.org/W4243021005","https://openalex.org/W6745609711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2550108858","https://openalex.org/W1551137936","https://openalex.org/W2394065764","https://openalex.org/W2250039445","https://openalex.org/W2020275906","https://openalex.org/W4226519216","https://openalex.org/W4362711709","https://openalex.org/W2058198174","https://openalex.org/W2389518814","https://openalex.org/W1975378003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"advanced":[1],"nodes,":[2],"scaling":[3,37,74,148],"of":[4,41,51,73,119,149,188,198,240],"critical":[5,144],"dimension":[6],"and":[7,30,48,55,86,98,133,151,169,184,204,223,236],"pitch":[8],"has":[9],"not":[10,57],"progressed":[11],"at":[12],"historical":[13],"Moore\u2019s":[14],"Law":[15],"rates.":[16],"Thus,":[17],"<italic":[18],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[19,123,211],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">scaling":[20],"boosters</i>":[21],"are":[22,67,89,160,178],"explored":[23],"to":[24,69,91,104,218,228],"improve":[25],"achievable":[26],"power,":[27],"performance,":[28],"area,":[29],"cost":[31],"(PPAC)":[32],"in":[33,59,102,146,244],"new":[34,111,171],"technologies.":[35],"However,":[36],"boosters":[38],"increase":[39],"complexity":[40],"standard-cell":[42,157],"architectures,":[43],"power":[44],"delivery,":[45],"design":[46,53,93,134,205],"rules,":[47],"other":[49],"aspects":[50],"the":[52,147,181,196,245],"enablement,":[54],"may":[56],"result":[58],"design-level":[60,71],"benefits.":[61],"Therefore,":[62],"design-technology":[63],"co-optimization":[64],"(DTCO)":[65],"methodologies":[66],"required":[68],"evaluate":[70,116],"benefits":[72],"boosters.":[75],"The":[76],"key":[77],"challenge":[78],"for":[79,201],"DTCO":[80],"is":[81,142],"that":[82,113,159],"large":[83],"engineering":[84],"efforts":[85],"long":[87],"timelines":[88],"needed":[90,227],"develop":[92],"enablements":[94],"(e.g.,":[95],"cell":[96],"libraries)":[97],"perform":[99],"implementation":[100],"studies":[101,194],"order":[103],"assess":[105],"technology":[106,132,203,241,246],"options.":[107,206],"We":[108,136,207],"describe":[109],"a":[110,117,143,170],"framework":[112,154],"can":[114],"systematically":[115],"measure":[118],"intrinsic":[120],"routability,":[121],"<inline-formula":[122,210],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[124,212],"<tex-math":[125,213],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$K_{\\mathrm{":[126,214],"th}}$":[127,215],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[128,216],",":[129],"across":[130],"both":[131],"choices.":[135],"focus":[137],"on":[138,180],"routability":[139,199],"since":[140],"it":[141],"factor":[145],"area":[150],"cost.":[152],"Our":[153,192,232],"includes":[155],"realistic":[156],"libraries":[158],"automatically":[161],"generated":[162],"using":[163],"satisfiability":[164],"modulo":[165],"theory":[166],"(SMT)":[167],"methods,":[168],"pin":[172],"shape":[173],"selection":[174],"method.":[175],"Routability":[176],"assessments":[177],"based":[179],"PROBE":[182],"approach":[183],"an":[185],"improved":[186],"construction":[187],"underlying":[189],"netlist":[190],"topologies.":[191],"experimental":[193],"demonstrate":[195,208],"assessment":[197],"impacts":[200],"advanced-node":[202],"learning-based":[209],"prediction":[217],"reduce":[219],"runtime,":[220],"disk":[221],"space":[222],"commercial":[224],"tool":[225],"licenses":[226],"implement":[229],"our":[230],"framework.":[231],"work":[233],"enables":[234],"faster":[235],"more":[237],"comprehensive":[238],"evaluation":[239],"options":[242],"early":[243],"development":[247],"process.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
