{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162837695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","title":"ForASec: Formal Analysis of Hardware Trojan-Based Security Vulnerabilities in Sequential Circuits","display_name":"ForASec: Formal Analysis of Hardware Trojan-Based Security Vulnerabilities in Sequential Circuits","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162837695","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","mag":"3162837695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074265316","display_name":"Faiq Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-674X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiq Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-674X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062884900","display_name":"Imran Hafeez Abbassi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Hafeez Abbassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-6725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058712739","display_name":"Semeen Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-0949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Semeen Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Engineering, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Wien, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017201570","display_name":"Awais M. Kamboh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-1590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Mehmood Kamboh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-1590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Network Engineering, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066768973","display_name":"Osman Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-2669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osman Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-2669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1515,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77357938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"4","first_page":"1167","last_page":"1180"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6709568500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6204423904418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5669611692428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-space","display_name":"State space","score":0.495447039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.4832606911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-checking","display_name":"Model checking","score":0.4710614085197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/completeness","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","score":0.4640253186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4503081738948822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.4377530813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3683333992958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2573518753051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2564486265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.22450444102287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17817574739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08148393034934998}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6709568500518799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6204423904418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5669611692428589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.495447039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.4832606911659241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.4710614085197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17231256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156540","display_name":"Completeness (order theory)","level":2,"score":0.4640253186225891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4503081738948822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.4377530813217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3683333992958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2573518753051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2564486265182495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.22450444102287292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17817574739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08148393034934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3061524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67485690","https://openalex.org/W98354153","https://openalex.org/W137487826","https://openalex.org/W233122475","https://openalex.org/W637626376","https://openalex.org/W1522369122","https://openalex.org/W1537025723","https://openalex.org/W1564179502","https://openalex.org/W1596388494","https://openalex.org/W1912545282","https://openalex.org/W1992787530","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2020640915","https://openalex.org/W2048503119","https://openalex.org/W2065207408","https://openalex.org/W2125129715","https://openalex.org/W2136064146","https://openalex.org/W2150306925","https://openalex.org/W2165832053","https://openalex.org/W2169687938","https://openalex.org/W2200157983","https://openalex.org/W2274193143","https://openalex.org/W2403248509","https://openalex.org/W2432335885","https://openalex.org/W2464661970","https://openalex.org/W2472536324","https://openalex.org/W2500782055","https://openalex.org/W2512071404","https://openalex.org/W2515614845","https://openalex.org/W2546537079","https://openalex.org/W2565846963","https://openalex.org/W2567286931","https://openalex.org/W2569644368","https://openalex.org/W2578660235","https://openalex.org/W2581757534","https://openalex.org/W2587795876","https://openalex.org/W2588382938","https://openalex.org/W2606854262","https://openalex.org/W2612667056","https://openalex.org/W2624697720","https://openalex.org/W2639642881","https://openalex.org/W2762692168","https://openalex.org/W2767430642","https://openalex.org/W2792814953","https://openalex.org/W2794770547","https://openalex.org/W2803191666","https://openalex.org/W2808567616","https://openalex.org/W2897213956","https://openalex.org/W2901404140","https://openalex.org/W2911659503","https://openalex.org/W2914052194","https://openalex.org/W2940466158","https://openalex.org/W2946301770","https://openalex.org/W2990150264","https://openalex.org/W2991606090","https://openalex.org/W3000731494","https://openalex.org/W3011682899","https://openalex.org/W3011920899","https://openalex.org/W3042161696","https://openalex.org/W3141297747","https://openalex.org/W4230733308","https://openalex.org/W6705080494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572578464","https://openalex.org/W2804745155","https://openalex.org/W2736259393","https://openalex.org/W2529542719","https://openalex.org/W2182066955","https://openalex.org/W2162351207","https://openalex.org/W2952737788","https://openalex.org/W2493800215","https://openalex.org/W1546995467","https://openalex.org/W2106934209"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,33],"this":[1,34],"article,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4],"a":[5],"novel":[6],"model":[7,125],"checking-based":[8,126],"methodology":[9],"that":[10,98],"analyzes":[11],"the":[12,26,36,45,56,84,102,106,123],"hardware":[13],"trojan":[14],"(HT)-based":[15],"security":[16,59,92],"vulnerabilities":[17],"in":[18,89,118],"sequential":[19,63,111],"circuits":[20],"with":[21],"100%":[22],"coverage":[23],"while":[24],"addressing":[25],"state-space":[27,37],"explosion":[28,38],"issue":[29,39],"and":[30,69,79,109,113],"completeness":[31],"issue.":[32],"work,":[35],"is":[40],"addressed":[41],"by":[42],"efficiently":[43],"partitioning":[44],"larger":[46],"state":[47,52],"space":[48],"into":[49],"corresponding":[50],"smaller":[51],"spaces":[53],"to":[54,82,122],"enable":[55],"distributed":[57],"HT-based":[58,91],"analysis":[60,104,119],"of":[61,86,105],"complex":[62,108],"circuits.":[64],"We":[65],"analyze":[66],"multiple":[67],"ISCAS89":[68],"trust-hub":[70],"benchmarks":[71],"for":[72],"different":[73],"ASIC":[74],"technologies,":[75],"i.e.,":[76],"65,":[77],"45,":[78],"22":[80],"nm,":[81],"demonstrate":[83],"efficacy":[85],"our":[87],"framework":[88],"identifying":[90],"vulnerabilities.":[93],"The":[94],"experimental":[95],"results":[96],"show":[97],"ForASec":[99],"successfully":[100],"performs":[101],"complete":[103],"given":[107],"large":[110],"circuits,":[112],"provides":[114],"approximately$6\\times":[115],"$\u2013$10\\times":[116],"$speedup":[117],"time":[120],"compared":[121],"state-of-the-art":[124],"techniques.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
