{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127170972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","title":"PDF: Path-Oriented, Derivative-Free Approach for Safety Falsification of Nonlinear and Nondeterministic CPS","display_name":"PDF: Path-Oriented, Derivative-Free Approach for Safety Falsification of Nonlinear and Nondeterministic CPS","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127170972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","mag":"3127170972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066141316","display_name":"Jiawan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-5675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-5675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029676029","display_name":"Lei Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-7801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0517-7801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038604034","display_name":"Shaopeng Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6585-6297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaopeng Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6585-6297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090810072","display_name":"Xuandong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3090-9568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuandong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7238,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73413169,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"238","last_page":"251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.8675627708435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6784180402755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.6319676637649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backtracking","display_name":"Backtracking","score":0.5658027529716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.5517340898513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.5512979626655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4743995666503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.45642372965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4373578429222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4221905469894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24768909811973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08584028482437134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.8675627708435059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6784180402755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.6319676637649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156884757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798554","display_name":"Backtracking","level":2,"score":0.5658027529716492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5517340898513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.5512979626655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4743995666503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.45642372965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4373578429222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4221905469894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24768909811973572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08584028482437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2021.3056360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1905943838","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b26\u53f7\u6267\u884c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0e\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61632015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3442037871","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61690204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6207416481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20202001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172589331","https://openalex.org/W618136976","https://openalex.org/W618708471","https://openalex.org/W1521939022","https://openalex.org/W1533557569","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1549644356","https://openalex.org/W1585526574","https://openalex.org/W1966224165","https://openalex.org/W1968254796","https://openalex.org/W1969710845","https://openalex.org/W2002253649","https://openalex.org/W2004463571","https://openalex.org/W2026629052","https://openalex.org/W2031397756","https://openalex.org/W2039287452","https://openalex.org/W2044889656","https://openalex.org/W2047277035","https://openalex.org/W2049399166","https://openalex.org/W2068619069","https://openalex.org/W2072325940","https://openalex.org/W2073107347","https://openalex.org/W2080932760","https://openalex.org/W2085838366","https://openalex.org/W2090501324","https://openalex.org/W2099201756","https://openalex.org/W2104258017","https://openalex.org/W2112656403","https://openalex.org/W2122549537","https://openalex.org/W2129231075","https://openalex.org/W2131399618","https://openalex.org/W2132083787","https://openalex.org/W2153803621","https://openalex.org/W2171074980","https://openalex.org/W2176215692","https://openalex.org/W2461750512","https://openalex.org/W2483544051","https://openalex.org/W2556282465","https://openalex.org/W2604877292","https://openalex.org/W2606692557","https://openalex.org/W2622471727","https://openalex.org/W2798302610","https://openalex.org/W2888839644","https://openalex.org/W2936781873","https://openalex.org/W2939295339","https://openalex.org/W2963003663","https://openalex.org/W2963516601","https://openalex.org/W2971401161","https://openalex.org/W2973944767","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W3104753760","https://openalex.org/W3105473318","https://openalex.org/W3154370202","https://openalex.org/W6742469364","https://openalex.org/W6755679267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2027065553","https://openalex.org/W2760348722","https://openalex.org/W2783885583","https://openalex.org/W2120095724","https://openalex.org/W2368326437","https://openalex.org/W1992338022","https://openalex.org/W2060032524","https://openalex.org/W2912813468","https://openalex.org/W1988549452","https://openalex.org/W2023968088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1,42],"(CPSs)":[2],"integrate":[3],"discrete":[4,175],"computations":[5],"with":[6,156],"continuous":[7,161],"physical":[8],"processes":[9],"and":[10,15,43,87,120,146,165,204],"can":[11],"be":[12],"highly":[13],"nonlinear":[14,86],"nondeterministic.":[16],"Unlike":[17],"the":[18,27,56,95,112,144,194,219],"verification":[19],"of":[20,29,40,70,97,107,114,148,197,201,218],"CPS,":[21],"which":[22],"is":[23,44],"difficult":[24],"to":[25,46,54,81,141],"handle,":[26],"falsification":[28,50,196],"CPS":[30,59,98,198],"fulfills":[31],"certain":[32,67],"requirements":[33],"from":[34],"testing":[35],"by":[36,99,125],"seeking":[37],"witness":[38],"behavior":[39,96],"these":[41,122],"easier":[45],"conduct.":[47],"However,":[48],"existing":[49],"techniques":[51,140],"may":[52],"fail":[53],"support":[55],"general":[57],"complex":[58],"in":[60,85,199,213],"practice":[61],"because":[62],"they":[63],"usually":[64],"focus":[65],"on":[66,216],"restricted":[68],"classes":[69],"systems.":[71],"In":[72,90],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75,93,103],"present":[76],"a":[77,152,167,184],"path-oriented,":[78],"derivative-free":[79,131],"approach":[80,182],"falsify":[82],"safety":[83,195],"properties":[84],"nondeterministic":[88],"CPS.":[89],"our":[91,126,149,181,202],"approach,":[92],"model":[94,158],"hybrid":[100,108],"automata.":[101],"Then,":[102],"enumerate":[104],"candidate":[105,115],"paths":[106,116],"automata":[109],"(HA),":[110],"transform":[111],"feasibility":[113],"into":[117,183],"optimization":[118,123,132,154],"problems,":[119],"solve":[121],"problems":[124],"newly":[127],"proposed":[128],"classification":[129],"model-based,":[130],"algorithm.":[133],"We":[134,179],"also":[135],"provide":[136],"two":[137],"novel":[138],"pruning":[139,164],"further":[142],"improve":[143],"efficiency":[145],"efficacy":[147],"approach:":[150],"1)":[151],"nested":[153],"structure":[155],"better":[157],"refinements":[159],"for":[160,174],"search":[162,176],"space":[163,177],"2)":[166],"hardly":[168],"feasible":[169],"path":[170],"prefixes":[171],"guided":[172],"backtracking":[173],"pruning.":[178],"implement":[180],"tool":[185],"called":[186],"PDF.":[187],"Our":[188],"experiments":[189],"showed":[190],"that":[191],"PDF":[192],"supported":[193],"all":[200],"benchmarks,":[203],"it":[205],"achieved":[206],"success":[207],"rates":[208],"no":[209],"lower":[210],"than":[211],"95&#x0025;":[212],"only":[214],"seconds":[215],"22/28":[217],"benchmarks.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
