{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089779975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","title":"Toward Hardware-Efficient Optical Neural Networks: Beyond FFT Architecture via Joint Learnability","display_name":"Toward Hardware-Efficient Optical Neural Networks: Beyond FFT Architecture via Joint Learnability","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089779975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","mag":"3089779975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090386129","display_name":"Jiaqi Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002117195","display_name":"Zheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9505-7189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088951","display_name":"Synopsys (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/013by2m91","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Design Group, Synopsys Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Design Group, Synopsys Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102870827","display_name":"Chenghao Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-2446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenghao Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-2446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020057821","display_name":"Zhoufeng Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1020-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93085520","display_name":"Silicon Labs (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02dyqfb80","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhoufeng Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Silicon Photonics Department, Alpine Optoelectronics, Fremont, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1020-8705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Silicon Photonics Department, Alpine Optoelectronics, Fremont, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93085520"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026362859","display_name":"Mingjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-9763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3488-9763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038900138","display_name":"Ray T. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-4266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray T. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011883763","display_name":"David Z. Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Z. Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-2501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90972614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"9","first_page":"1796","last_page":"1809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7025946378707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5712116956710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.5315575003623962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.49577078223228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4344017803668976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.43409788608551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3420131206512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2909114360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1445811688899994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7025946378707886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5712116956710815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5315575003623962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49577078223228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4344017803668976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.43409788608551025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3420131206512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2909114360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1445811688899994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3027649","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2613179524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA 9550-17-1-0071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","funder_display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179875071","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1965702053","https://openalex.org/W1987371344","https://openalex.org/W2019241715","https://openalex.org/W2051270432","https://openalex.org/W2076476236","https://openalex.org/W2079519839","https://openalex.org/W2113328646","https://openalex.org/W2127587906","https://openalex.org/W2146747949","https://openalex.org/W2161973497","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2478748818","https://openalex.org/W2550362495","https://openalex.org/W2581719241","https://openalex.org/W2593769476","https://openalex.org/W2625347919","https://openalex.org/W2739588406","https://openalex.org/W2743001015","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2752849906","https://openalex.org/W2770947648","https://openalex.org/W2792037963","https://openalex.org/W2797622827","https://openalex.org/W2886970706","https://openalex.org/W2909619795","https://openalex.org/W2918160169","https://openalex.org/W2922390595","https://openalex.org/W2943528195","https://openalex.org/W2944578243","https://openalex.org/W2945546236","https://openalex.org/W2952285760","https://openalex.org/W2953467609","https://openalex.org/W2954910491","https://openalex.org/W2963061092","https://openalex.org/W2963479620","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964231618","https://openalex.org/W2972442919","https://openalex.org/W3004736936","https://openalex.org/W3012331494","https://openalex.org/W3013837193","https://openalex.org/W3023058991","https://openalex.org/W3036249069","https://openalex.org/W3036548498","https://openalex.org/W3044729026","https://openalex.org/W3085227549","https://openalex.org/W3086233253","https://openalex.org/W3086405781","https://openalex.org/W3087262698","https://openalex.org/W3092599113","https://openalex.org/W3098290163","https://openalex.org/W3098725389","https://openalex.org/W3101737971","https://openalex.org/W3103046660","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638632666","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6732435028","https://openalex.org/W6734613814","https://openalex.org/W6749530327","https://openalex.org/W6750239710","https://openalex.org/W6760689479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2770593030","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4281727072","https://openalex.org/W4312219546","https://openalex.org/W4321444604","https://openalex.org/W3154990682","https://openalex.org/W2171975302","https://openalex.org/W4210772589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1],"promising":[2],"neuromorphic":[3],"framework,":[4],"the":[5,19,66,74,86],"optical":[6,46,67,98],"neural":[7,43,101],"network":[8,102],"(ONN)":[9],"demonstrates":[10],"ultrahigh":[11],"inference":[12,94],"speed":[13],"with":[14,58,85,92,104,126],"low":[15],"energy":[16],"consumption.":[17],"However,":[18],"previous":[20,87],"ONN":[21,38,122],"architectures":[22],"have":[23],"high":[24],"area":[25,81,128],"overhead":[26],"which":[27],"limits":[28],"their":[29],"practicality.":[30],"In":[31],"this":[32],"article,":[33],"we":[34],"propose":[35],"an":[36,110],"area-efficient":[37],"architecture":[39,76,91,103],"based":[40],"on":[41],"structured":[42,59],"networks,":[44],"leveraging":[45],"fast":[47],"Fourier":[48,115],"transform":[49,116],"for":[50],"efficient":[51],"computation.":[52],"A":[53,96],"two-phase":[54],"software":[55],"training":[56],"flow":[57],"pruning":[60],"is":[61,107],"proposed":[62,75,108],"to":[63,112],"further":[64],"reduce":[65],"component":[68],"utilization.":[69],"Experimental":[70],"results":[71],"demonstrate":[72],"that":[73],"can":[77],"achieve":[78],"2.2-":[79],"3.7\u00d7":[80],"cost":[82],"improvement":[83],"compared":[84],"singular":[88],"value":[89],"decomposition-based":[90],"comparable":[93],"accuracy.":[95],"novel":[97],"microdisk-based":[99],"convolutional":[100],"joint":[105],"learnability":[106],"as":[109],"extension":[111],"move":[113],"beyond":[114],"and":[117,133],"multilayer":[118],"perception,":[119],"enabling":[120],"hardware-aware":[121],"design":[123],"space":[124],"exploration":[125],"lower":[127],"cost,":[129],"higher":[130],"power":[131],"efficiency,":[132],"better":[134],"noise-robustness.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}