{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3089947917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","title":"<i>eWASM</i>: Practical Software Fault Isolation for Reliable Embedded Devices","display_name":"<i>eWASM</i>: Practical Software Fault Isolation for Reliable Embedded Devices","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3089947917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","mag":"3089947917"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003650937","display_name":"Gregor Peach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregor Peach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050190534","display_name":"Runyu Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runyu Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030295427","display_name":"Zhuoyi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-3911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-3911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026572895","display_name":"Gabriel Parmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-4492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Parmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1343-4492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081558862","display_name":"Christopher Haster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7340-4669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156213","display_name":"American Rock Mechanics Association","ror":"https://ror.org/05vfrxy92","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Haster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Department, Arm Research, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Department, Arm Research, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016669578","display_name":"Ludmila Cherkasova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-4901"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ludmila Cherkasova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Precompetitive and Disruptive Technologies Department, Arm Research, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9333-4901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Precompetitive and Disruptive Technologies Department, Arm Research, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87211243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"11","first_page":"3492","last_page":"3505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8437379598617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.7056230306625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6592435836791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.649788498878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sandbox","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","score":0.5802972316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.5308096408843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.5007781982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4797062277793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46535900235176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-leak","display_name":"Memory leak","score":0.4212174415588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33015286922454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.2117956578731537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1657228171825409}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8437379598617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.7056230306625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6592435836791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.649788498878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.5802972316741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.5308096408843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5007781982421875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4797062277793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46535900235176086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156731835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751740","display_name":"Memory leak","level":4,"score":0.4212174415588379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33015286922454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.2117956578731537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1657228171825409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971903460","https://openalex.org/W1982216551","https://openalex.org/W2009248821","https://openalex.org/W2062340141","https://openalex.org/W2081768685","https://openalex.org/W2086795351","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2123553986","https://openalex.org/W2138538875","https://openalex.org/W2566869048","https://openalex.org/W2570030068","https://openalex.org/W2625141509","https://openalex.org/W2664781091","https://openalex.org/W2762171171","https://openalex.org/W2794073659","https://openalex.org/W2887010826","https://openalex.org/W2888796789","https://openalex.org/W2920103512","https://openalex.org/W2937703543","https://openalex.org/W2979976652","https://openalex.org/W3100311882","https://openalex.org/W4210597212","https://openalex.org/W4289729611","https://openalex.org/W6671147960","https://openalex.org/W6754065449"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033352828","https://openalex.org/W2355810117","https://openalex.org/W3098313552","https://openalex.org/W2546418048","https://openalex.org/W70177500","https://openalex.org/W2076427967","https://openalex.org/W2499283203","https://openalex.org/W2809024689","https://openalex.org/W2381207987","https://openalex.org/W2809457911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"we":[1,73],"connect":[2],"more":[3],"microcontrollers":[4,26],"to":[5,11,52,65,94,133,182],"the":[6,13,44,58,75,122,165,177,190],"Internet":[7],"and":[8,20,33,46,98,109,118,155,162,186],"employ":[9],"them":[10],"control":[12,99],"physical":[14],"world":[15],"around":[16],"us,":[17],"their":[18],"reliability":[19],"security":[21],"are":[22],"increasingly":[23],"important.":[24],"Many":[25],"provide":[27,187],"limited":[28],"facilities":[29],"for":[30,68,88,121,158,170,189],"hardware":[31],"isolation,":[32],"real-time":[34],"OSes":[35],"offer":[36],"custom":[37],"APIs,":[38],"that":[39,49,82,114,174],"require":[40],"coupling":[41],"applications":[42,64],"into":[43],"ecosystem":[45],"abstractions":[47],"of":[48,60,63,77,124,144,176,192],"specific":[50],"OS":[51],"leverage":[53],"isolation.":[54],"This":[55,127],"article":[56],"investigates":[57],"use":[59],"software":[61],"sandboxing":[62,168],"support":[66],"isolation":[67],"resource-constrained":[69],"devices.":[70],"Toward":[71],"this,":[72],"detail":[74],"design":[76],"eWASM,":[78],"a":[79,84,92,153],"processes":[80],"abstraction":[81],"adapts":[83],"popular":[85,129],"sandbox,":[86],"Wasm,":[87],"microcontrollers.":[89,171],"eWASM":[90],"provides":[91],"runtime":[93],"constrain":[95],"memory":[96,184],"accesses":[97],"flow,":[100],"enabled":[101],"by":[102,137],"our":[103],"aWsm":[104],"Wasm":[105,179,195],"compiler.":[106],"We":[107,139,149,172],"discuss":[108],"evaluate":[110],"its":[111],"multiple":[112],"implementations":[113],"effectively":[115,135],"trade":[116],"time":[117],"space,":[119],"optimizing":[120],"constraints":[123],"embedded":[125],"systems.":[126],"enables":[128],"languages":[130],"(e.g.,":[131],"C)":[132],"be":[134],"sandboxed":[136],"software.":[138],"demonstrate":[140],"performance":[141],"within":[142],"40%":[143],"native":[145],"C":[146],"on":[147],"Polybench.":[148],"believe":[150],"this":[151],"is":[152],"practical":[154],"compelling":[156],"result":[157],"many":[159],"IoT":[160],"domains,":[161],"it":[163],"represents":[164],"first":[166],"compiled":[167],"environment":[169],"show":[173],"restrictions":[175],"current":[178],"specification":[180],"lead":[181],"significant":[183],"consumption":[185],"suggestions":[188],"creation":[191],"an":[193],"embedded-specific":[194],"variant.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
