{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094232981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","title":"ECG-Based Authentication Using Timing-Aware Domain-Specific Architecture","display_name":"ECG-Based Authentication Using Timing-Aware Domain-Specific Architecture","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094232981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","mag":"3094232981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083054051","display_name":"Renato Cordeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6911-1364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renato Cordeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079879380","display_name":"Dhruv Gajaria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-8129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhruv Gajaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-8129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086470591","display_name":"Ankur Limaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankur Limaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075537309","display_name":"Tosiron Adegbija","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2800-4834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tosiron Adegbija","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2800-4834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014914538","display_name":"Nima Karimian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-7170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Karimian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-7170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, San Jos\u00e9 State University, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090068474","display_name":"Fatemeh Tehranipoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Tehranipoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-4306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86425639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"11","first_page":"3373","last_page":"3384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8294432163238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.8145399689674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7459359169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5542888045310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.47461143136024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45470955967903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.45112791657447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarchitecture","display_name":"Microarchitecture","score":0.4416697323322296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.33129382133483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14319661259651184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8294432163238525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.8145399689674377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7459359169006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5542888045310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.47461143136024475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45470955967903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.45112791657447815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.4416697323322296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33129382133483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14319661259651184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3012169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3891012452","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1844952","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1817416349","https://openalex.org/W1954702524","https://openalex.org/W1987072014","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2013281054","https://openalex.org/W2013716714","https://openalex.org/W2031230980","https://openalex.org/W2056778557","https://openalex.org/W2057386187","https://openalex.org/W2058266664","https://openalex.org/W2061185532","https://openalex.org/W2081379617","https://openalex.org/W2142537526","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2154731305","https://openalex.org/W2155551886","https://openalex.org/W2157567080","https://openalex.org/W2159577413","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2170382128","https://openalex.org/W2186843572","https://openalex.org/W2270542069","https://openalex.org/W2326461200","https://openalex.org/W2345175561","https://openalex.org/W2531732873","https://openalex.org/W2539728774","https://openalex.org/W2775990858","https://openalex.org/W2795056531","https://openalex.org/W2795341848","https://openalex.org/W2799089179","https://openalex.org/W2799200014","https://openalex.org/W2801748224","https://openalex.org/W2809242972","https://openalex.org/W2906869444","https://openalex.org/W2943093429","https://openalex.org/W2945997721","https://openalex.org/W2947004451","https://openalex.org/W2965565691","https://openalex.org/W3022333841","https://openalex.org/W3104216513","https://openalex.org/W4289146347","https://openalex.org/W6628261430","https://openalex.org/W6681113282","https://openalex.org/W6766787143","https://openalex.org/W7006030638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W1989889224","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W1973775000","https://openalex.org/W2748922771","https://openalex.org/W1987128138","https://openalex.org/W2743976221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrocardiogram":[0],"(ECG)":[1],"biometric":[2],"authentication":[3],"(EBA)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,87,146],"promising":[7],"approach":[8],"for":[9,31],"human":[10],"identification,":[11],"particularly":[12],"in":[13,54,68,129],"consumer":[14],"devices,":[15],"due":[16],"to":[17,50,63,91,131,135,145,152,164,174,178],"the":[18,61,65,73,77,93,97,103,111,117,125,133,142,155,160,170,179],"individualized,":[19],"ubiquitous,":[20],"and":[21,39,71,101],"easily":[22],"identifiable":[23],"nature":[24],"of":[25,96,110,120],"ECG":[26],"signals.":[27],"Thus,":[28],"computing":[29],"architectures":[30],"EBA":[32,48,127],"must":[33],"be":[34],"accurate,":[35],"fast,":[36],"energy":[37,171],"efficient,":[38],"secure.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"article,":[43],"first,":[44],"we":[45,58,85],"implement":[46],"an":[47],"algorithm":[49,62],"achieve":[51],"100%":[52],"accuracy":[53],"user":[55],"authentication.":[56],"Thereafter,":[57],"extensively":[59],"analyze":[60],"show":[64],"distinct":[66],"variance":[67],"execution":[69,94],"requirements":[70,95],"reveal":[72],"latency":[74,104,143,161],"bottleneck":[75],"across":[76,124],"algorithm's":[78,98],"different":[79,99,108,126],"steps.":[80],"Based":[81],"on":[82],"our":[83,167],"analysis,":[84],"propose":[86],"domain-specific":[88],"architecture":[89],"(DSA)":[90],"satisfy":[92],"steps":[100],"minimize":[102],"bottleneck.":[105],"We":[106],"explore":[107],"variations":[109],"DSA,":[112],"including":[113],"one":[114],"that":[115],"features":[116],"added":[118],"benefit":[119],"ensuring":[121],"constant":[122,156],"timing":[123,157],"steps,":[128],"order":[130],"mitigate":[132],"vulnerability":[134],"timing-based":[136],"side-channel":[137],"attacks.":[138],"Our":[139],"DSA":[140,158,168],"improves":[141,159,169],"compared":[144,177],"base":[147,180],"ARM-based":[148],"processor":[149],"by":[150,162,172],"up":[151,163,173],"4.24\u00d7,":[153],"while":[154],"19%.":[165],"Also,":[166],"5.59\u00d7,":[175],"as":[176],"processor.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}