{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909715355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","title":"RxNN: A Framework for Evaluating Deep Neural Networks on Resistive Crossbars","display_name":"RxNN: A Framework for Evaluating Deep Neural Networks on Resistive Crossbars","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909715355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","mag":"2909715355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.00072","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086674756","display_name":"Shubham Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubham Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","PURDUE UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-7712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"T. J. Watson Research Center, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PURDUE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032635465","display_name":"Abhronil Sengupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhronil Sengupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA","PURDUE UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-4494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PURDUE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031161187","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","PURDUE UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PURDUE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065766721","display_name":"Anand Raghunathan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-564X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Raghunathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9766,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72439515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"326","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.9631712436676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7204389572143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.6060479283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","score":0.5455595254898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4290871024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.41307640075683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.40446794033050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3799111843109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3368225395679474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2464054822921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14399665594100952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.9631712436676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7204389572143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.6060479283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.5455595254898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4290871024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.41307640075683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.40446794033050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3799111843109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3368225395679474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2464054822921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14399665594100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.3000185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1809.00072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00072","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.00072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2909715355","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1809.00072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1809.00072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.00072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1809.00072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.00072","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.00072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909715355.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909715355.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487583988","https://openalex.org/W1636374761","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1875784636","https://openalex.org/W1966175794","https://openalex.org/W1976075132","https://openalex.org/W1980446076","https://openalex.org/W1998917233","https://openalex.org/W2001480795","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2009464942","https://openalex.org/W2016922062","https://openalex.org/W2040687898","https://openalex.org/W2049930603","https://openalex.org/W2060969833","https://openalex.org/W2063927304","https://openalex.org/W2080451019","https://openalex.org/W2082311137","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2141879519","https://openalex.org/W2166230011","https://openalex.org/W2307193480","https://openalex.org/W2334564994","https://openalex.org/W2346143906","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2468939918","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2509746188","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2527492855","https://openalex.org/W2560912757","https://openalex.org/W2611005572","https://openalex.org/W2612375349","https://openalex.org/W2612864759","https://openalex.org/W2620342231","https://openalex.org/W2624863671","https://openalex.org/W2625840880","https://openalex.org/W2627034335","https://openalex.org/W2675031852","https://openalex.org/W2769433089","https://openalex.org/W2774575696","https://openalex.org/W2782046614","https://openalex.org/W2946337031","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2950094539","https://openalex.org/W2953003107","https://openalex.org/W2963374099","https://openalex.org/W2963387357","https://openalex.org/W2980034233","https://openalex.org/W2983353765","https://openalex.org/W3106392217","https://openalex.org/W3142548120","https://openalex.org/W4236709213","https://openalex.org/W4245731639","https://openalex.org/W4247624284","https://openalex.org/W4251342985","https://openalex.org/W6705165511","https://openalex.org/W6725693772","https://openalex.org/W6727867346","https://openalex.org/W6737206731","https://openalex.org/W6737781249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3033519076","https://openalex.org/W2983353765","https://openalex.org/W2983596024","https://openalex.org/W3030670306","https://openalex.org/W3005589975","https://openalex.org/W3106392217","https://openalex.org/W2957706073","https://openalex.org/W3085693748","https://openalex.org/W2810376858","https://openalex.org/W3109806143","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W3082429156","https://openalex.org/W2934545132","https://openalex.org/W3088242298","https://openalex.org/W3205015346","https://openalex.org/W2752640714","https://openalex.org/W3033356834","https://openalex.org/W3185246871","https://openalex.org/W3092023946","https://openalex.org/W3134969156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resistive":[0],"crossbars":[1,43],"designed":[2],"with":[3,41],"nonvolatile":[4],"memory":[5],"devices":[6],"have":[7],"emerged":[8],"as":[9,58],"promising":[10],"building":[11],"blocks":[12],"for":[13,206,223,250,269],"deep":[14],"neural":[15],"network":[16],"(DNN)":[17],"hardware,":[18],"due":[19,182],"to":[20,23,82,95,131,145,183,241,264,307],"their":[21],"ability":[22],"compactly":[24],"and":[25,53,75,112,125,141,155,167,209,214,217,238],"efficiently":[26],"realize":[27],"vector-matrix":[28],"multiplication":[29],"(VMM),":[30],"the":[31,69,88,97,103,122,157,179,207,224,233,251,274,282,287,310],"dominant":[32],"computational":[33],"kernel":[34],"in":[35,68,84,133,160],"DNNs.":[36,272],"However,":[37,117],"a":[38,49,139,171,198,243],"key":[39],"challenge":[40],"resistive":[42,150,259,293],"is":[44,92,119,281],"that":[45,176,258,299],"they":[46],"suffer":[47],"from":[48],"range":[50],"of":[51,99,105,110,114,190,245,276,286,289,305],"device":[52,124],"circuit":[54,126,194],"level":[55],"nonidealities,":[56],"such":[57],"driver":[59],"resistance,":[60,62],"sensing":[61],"sneak":[63],"paths,":[64],"interconnect":[65],"parasitics,":[66],"nonlinearities":[67],"peripheral":[70,211],"circuits,":[71],"stochastic":[72],"write":[73],"operations,":[74,166],"process":[76],"variations.":[77],"These":[78],"nonidealities":[79,101,185,261],"can":[80,262],"lead":[81,263],"errors":[83,180],"VMMs,":[85],"eventually":[86],"degrading":[87],"DNN's":[89],"accuracy.":[90],"It":[91],"therefore":[93],"critical":[94],"study":[96],"impact":[98],"crossbar":[100,151,165,173,184,226,260],"on":[102,149,292],"accuracy":[104,266,288,311],"large-scale":[106,147,247,271,290],"DNNs":[107,148,248,291,306],"(with":[108],"millions":[109],"neurons":[111],"billions":[113],"synaptic":[115],"connections).":[116],"this":[118,279],"challenging":[120],"because":[121],"existing":[123],"models":[127,197,205],"are":[128],"too":[129],"slow":[130],"use":[132,239],"application-level":[134],"evaluations.":[135],"We":[136,228,296],"present":[137],"RxNN,":[138],"fast":[140,172,302],"accurate":[142],"simulation":[143],"framework":[144,237],"evaluate":[146,242],"systems.":[152],"RxNN":[153,230,300],"splits":[154],"maps":[156],"computations":[158],"involved":[159],"each":[161],"DNN":[162],"layer":[163],"into":[164],"evaluates":[168],"them":[169],"using":[170,202],"model":[174],"(FCM)":[175],"accurately":[177],"captures":[178],"arising":[181],"while":[186],"being":[187],"four-to-five":[188],"orders":[189],"magnitude":[191],"faster":[192],"than":[193],"simulation.":[195],"FCM":[196],"crossbar-based":[199,294],"VMM":[200],"operation":[201],"three":[203],"stages-nonlinear":[204],"input":[208],"output":[210],"circuits":[212],"(digital-to-analog":[213],"analog-to-digital":[215],"converters),":[216],"an":[218],"equivalent":[219],"nonideal":[220],"conductance":[221],"matrix":[222],"core":[225],"array.":[227],"implement":[229],"by":[231],"extending":[232],"Caffe":[234],"machine":[235],"learning":[236],"it":[240],"suite":[244],"six":[246],"developed":[249],"ImageNet":[252],"Challenge":[253],"(ILSVRC).":[254],"Our":[255],"experiments":[256],"reveal":[257],"significant":[265],"degradations":[267],"(9.6%-32%)":[268],"these":[270],"To":[273],"best":[275],"our":[277],"knowledge,":[278],"article":[280],"first":[283],"quantitative":[284],"evaluation":[285],"hardware.":[295],"also":[297],"demonstrate":[298],"enables":[301],"model-in-the-loop":[303],"retraining":[304],"partially":[308],"mitigate":[309],"degradation.":[312]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2022-08-03T00:00:00"}
