{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006795661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","title":"Long Live TIME: Improving Lifetime and Security for NVM-Based Training-in-Memory Systems","display_name":"Long Live TIME: Improving Lifetime and Security for NVM-Based Training-in-Memory Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006795661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","mag":"3006795661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129440","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069788729","display_name":"Yi Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8264-3357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021398655","display_name":"Yujun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6314-1722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008190519","display_name":"Lixue Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7731-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixue Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cloud Intelligence, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cloud Intelligence, Alibaba Group, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7337-1844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926896","display_name":"Song Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4186-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of EECS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445061","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6108-5157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069788729"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2478,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79049935,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"12","first_page":"4707","last_page":"4720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8062559366226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5750015377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.546085774898529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.5068894028663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.49866557121276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.47837939858436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.45205846428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40465861558914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3721299171447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.334747850894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32839226722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2939499020576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20208203792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17246440052986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10655936598777771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8062559366226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5750015377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.546085774898529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5068894028663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49866557121276855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.47837939858436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.45205846428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40465861558914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3721299171447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.334747850894928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32839226722717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2939499020576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20208203792572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17246440052986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10655936598777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2977079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/129440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"other univ website","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/129440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/129440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"other univ website","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1799421016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61832007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4403844069","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61621091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G466649759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017Y","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G738548397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFA0207600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7658708249","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61622403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7821905778","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 61832007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8218031721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8340078520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327539","display_name":"Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329777","display_name":"Beijing National Research Center For Information Science And Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493017827","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1875784636","https://openalex.org/W1905882502","https://openalex.org/W1992242854","https://openalex.org/W1994429123","https://openalex.org/W2020088537","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2097823832","https://openalex.org/W2099753358","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124306283","https://openalex.org/W2130657217","https://openalex.org/W2135393827","https://openalex.org/W2147411585","https://openalex.org/W2158732782","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2248832573","https://openalex.org/W2254450385","https://openalex.org/W2344061241","https://openalex.org/W2362080632","https://openalex.org/W2400475751","https://openalex.org/W2583536366","https://openalex.org/W2588666075","https://openalex.org/W2604783387","https://openalex.org/W2606891064","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2613989746","https://openalex.org/W2626719825","https://openalex.org/W2627034335","https://openalex.org/W2762731122","https://openalex.org/W2768104155","https://openalex.org/W2774000609","https://openalex.org/W2785952199","https://openalex.org/W2803163155","https://openalex.org/W2904888043","https://openalex.org/W2913190747","https://openalex.org/W2913347945","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963803379","https://openalex.org/W2999811406","https://openalex.org/W3101036738","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4233808154","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6736413256","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388150944","https://openalex.org/W4242235492","https://openalex.org/W4237162029","https://openalex.org/W2367268135","https://openalex.org/W1480190076","https://openalex.org/W2385701518","https://openalex.org/W4237464767","https://openalex.org/W1658340114","https://openalex.org/W3122105331","https://openalex.org/W4252295672"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nonvolatile":[0],"memory":[1,181],"(NVM)-based":[2],"training-in-memory":[3],"(TIME)":[4],"systems":[5,201,251],"have":[6],"emerged":[7],"that":[8,169,214],"can":[9,58,100,229,252],"process":[10],"the":[11,21,31,37,69,73,86,93,109,116,133,151,163,170,174,200,234,243,246],"neural":[12],"network":[13],"(NN)":[14],"training":[15,104,197],"in":[16,206],"an":[17,98,123,155,207],"energy-efficient":[18],"manner.":[19],"However,":[20,75],"endurance":[22],"of":[23,33,39,51,68,137,249],"NVM":[24,88],"cells":[25,84,111],"is":[26,217],"disappointing,":[27],"rendering":[28],"concerns":[29],"about":[30],"lifetime":[32,134,227,248],"TIME":[34,138,216,250],"systems,":[35],"because":[36],"weights":[38],"NN":[40],"models":[41],"always":[42],"need":[43],"to":[44,49,71,106,131,161,176,194,219],"be":[45,230,254],"updated":[46],"for":[47,149],"thousands":[48],"millions":[50],"times":[52],"during":[53],"training.":[54],"Gradient":[55],"sparsification":[56],"(GS)":[57],"alleviate":[59],"this":[60,119],"problem":[61],"by":[62,256],"preserving":[63],"only":[64],"a":[65,144],"small":[66],"portion":[67],"gradients":[70],"update":[72,179],"weights.":[74],"conventional":[76],"GS":[77,146],"will":[78],"introduce":[79,189],"nonuniform":[80],"writes":[81,164],"on":[82,222],"different":[83],"across":[85],"whole":[87],"crossbars,":[89],"which":[90],"significantly":[91],"reduces":[92],"excepted":[94],"available":[95,247],"lifetime.":[96],"Moreover,":[97],"adversary":[99],"easily":[101],"launch":[102],"malicious":[103],"tasks":[105],"exactly":[107],"wear-out":[108],"target":[110],"and":[112,125,135,154,178,183,191],"fast":[113,204],"break":[114],"down":[115],"system.":[117],"In":[118],"article,":[120],"we":[121,167,188],"propose":[122],"efficient":[124],"effective":[126],"framework,":[127],"referred":[128],"as":[129],"SGS-ARS,":[130],"improve":[132],"security":[136],"systems.":[139],"The":[140],"framework":[141],"mainly":[142],"contains":[143],"structured":[145],"(SGS)":[147],"scheme":[148,160],"reducing":[150],"write":[152],"frequency,":[153],"aging-aware":[156],"row":[157],"swapping":[158],"(ARS)":[159],"make":[162],"uniform.":[165],"Meanwhile,":[166],"show":[168,213],"back-propagation":[171],"mechanism":[172],"allows":[173],"attacker":[175],"localize":[177],"fixed":[180],"locations":[182],"wear":[184],"them":[185],"out.":[186],"Therefore,":[187],"Random-ARS":[190],"Refresh":[192],"techniques":[193],"thwart":[195],"adversarial":[196,244],"attacks,":[198],"preventing":[199],"from":[202],"being":[203],"broken":[205],"extremely":[208],"short":[209],"time.":[210],"Our":[211],"experiments":[212],"when":[215],"programmed":[218],"train":[220],"ResNet-50":[221],"ImageNet":[223],"dataset,":[224],"$356\\times":[225],"$":[226,258],"extension":[228],"achieved":[231],"without":[232],"sacrificing":[233],"accuracy":[235],"much":[236,239],"or":[237],"incurring":[238],"hardware":[240],"overhead.":[241],"Under":[242],"environment,":[245],"still":[253],"improved":[255],"$84\\times":[257],".":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}