{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005924570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","title":"Reconfigurable and Low-Complexity Accelerator for Convolutional and Generative Networks Over Finite Fields","display_name":"Reconfigurable and Low-Complexity Accelerator for Convolutional and Generative Networks Over Finite Fields","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005924570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","mag":"3005924570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039571679","display_name":"Weihong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-3353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weihong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027587940","display_name":"Zaichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-8713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zaichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072916702","display_name":"Xiaohu You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu You","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380082","display_name":"Chuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155350","display_name":"Purple Mountain Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/04zcbk583","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LEADS, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quantum Information Center, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039571679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155350","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4723,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84331575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"12","first_page":"4894","last_page":"4907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8021538853645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.6573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.5348860621452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5296124219894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5219466090202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.48997417092323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4804620146751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4735031723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.45429104566574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4490639567375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44788357615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4412793517112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35457146167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3529510796070099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.21663430333137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.17207521200180054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8021538853645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.6573706865310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5348860621452332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5296124219894409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5219466090202332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48997417092323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4804620146751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4735031723976135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.45429104566574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4490639567375183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44788357615470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4412793517112732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35457146167755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3529510796070099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.21663430333137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.17207521200180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2020.2973355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G252193065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3078204090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W565312106","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2024381286","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2113994308","https://openalex.org/W2133355175","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2304648132","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2584616277","https://openalex.org/W2585774018","https://openalex.org/W2598581049","https://openalex.org/W2605487586","https://openalex.org/W2751366252","https://openalex.org/W2783720762","https://openalex.org/W2792503273","https://openalex.org/W2794986474","https://openalex.org/W2808739938","https://openalex.org/W2883927138","https://openalex.org/W2895738878","https://openalex.org/W2896983500","https://openalex.org/W2899824860","https://openalex.org/W2913221350","https://openalex.org/W2941408718","https://openalex.org/W2951939904","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963577671","https://openalex.org/W2963684088","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W3104393472","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6697974390","https://openalex.org/W6735204497"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998381397","https://openalex.org/W4236419692","https://openalex.org/W3167919718","https://openalex.org/W4239447582","https://openalex.org/W2171015181","https://openalex.org/W4225271228","https://openalex.org/W1484403103","https://openalex.org/W2521947294","https://openalex.org/W2907307640","https://openalex.org/W2807127337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"gained":[5],"great":[6],"success":[7],"in":[8,23,75,82],"various":[9,232],"fields,":[10],"such":[11,49],"as":[12,50],"computer":[13],"vision":[14],"and":[15,53,62,77,101,142,150,177,203,214,228,234,289,294],"natural":[16],"language":[17],"processing.":[18],"Besides,":[19],"with":[20,252],"the":[21,57,66,78,85,90,97,108,173,182,185,192,200,205,220,264,275],"breakthrough":[22],"unsupervised":[24],"learning,":[25],"generative":[26,42],"adversarial":[27],"network":[28],"(GAN)":[29],"is":[30,152,207,261,278,286],"recently":[31],"utilized":[32],"to":[33,106,133,154,171,190,198,263],"generate":[34],"virtual":[35],"data":[36,39],"from":[37],"limited":[38],"sets.":[40],"The":[41,72,93,196,237,282],"model":[43],"of":[44,60,68,110,175,184,247,292],"GAN":[45,63,83,135,151,235],"has":[46,122],"impressive":[47],"applications,":[48],"style":[51],"transfer":[52],"image":[54],"super-resolution.":[55],"However,":[56,113],"promising":[58],"performance":[59,213],"CNN":[61,76,149,233,266],"comes":[64],"at":[65,269],"cost":[67],"prohibitive":[69],"computation":[70],"complexity.":[71,92],"convolution":[73],"(CONV)":[74],"transposed":[79],"CONV":[80,176],"(TCONV)":[81],"are":[84,188],"two":[86,167],"operations":[87],"that":[88,241],"dominant":[89],"overall":[91],"prior":[94],"works":[95,129],"exploit":[96],"fast":[98,102,131,169,194],"algorithms,":[99],"Winograd":[100,114],"Fourier":[103],"transform":[104,124,163],"(FFT),":[105],"reduce":[107,172],"complexity":[109,174],"spatial":[111],"CONV.":[112],"only":[115],"supports":[116],"fixed":[117],"filter":[118],"size":[119],"while":[120],"FFT":[121],"high":[123],"overhead.":[125],"Moreover,":[126,217],"very":[127],"few":[128],"apply":[130],"algorithms":[132,170],"accelerate":[134],"models.":[136,236],"In":[137],"this":[138],"article,":[139],"a":[140,245],"reconfigurable":[141],"low-complexity":[143],"accelerator":[144,187,222],"on":[145,223,231,250,280],"ASIC":[146],"for":[147,210],"both":[148],"proposed":[153,193,221],"address":[155],"these":[156],"problems.":[157],"First,":[158],"by":[159],"exploiting":[160],"Fermat":[161],"number":[162],"(FNT),":[164],"we":[165,218],"propose":[166],"FNT-based":[168,186],"TCONV":[178],"computations,":[179],"respectively.":[180],"Then":[181],"architectures":[183],"presented":[189],"implement":[191,219],"algorithms.":[195],"methodology":[197],"determine":[199],"design":[201,243],"parameters":[202],"optimize":[204],"dataflow":[206],"also":[208],"described":[209],"obtaining":[211],"maximum":[212],"optimal":[215],"efficiency.":[216],"65":[224],"nm":[225],"1P9M":[226],"technology":[227],"evaluate":[229],"it":[230],"post-layout":[238],"results":[239],"show":[240],"our":[242],"achieves":[244],"throughput":[246],"288.0":[248],"GOP/s":[249],"VGG-16":[251],"25.11":[253],"GOP/s/mm":[254],"<sup":[255],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[256],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[257],"area":[258],"efficiency,":[259],"which":[260],"superior":[262],"state-of-the-art":[265],"accelerators.":[267],"Furthermore,":[268],"least":[270],"$1.7\\times":[271],"$":[272,288,291],"speedup":[273],"over":[274],"existing":[276],"accelerators":[277],"obtained":[279],"GAN.":[281],"resulting":[283],"energy":[284],"efficiency":[285],"$275.3\\times":[287],"$12.5\\times":[290],"CPU":[293],"GPU.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}