{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2993502515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","title":"Exploring Renewable-Adaptive Computation Offloading for Hierarchical QoS Optimization in Fog Computing","display_name":"Exploring Renewable-Adaptive Computation Offloading for Hierarchical QoS Optimization in Fog Computing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2993502515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","mag":"2993502515"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052730043","display_name":"Kun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-4908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102905745","display_name":"Junlong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-4077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-4077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101446328","display_name":"Xu Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0803-8620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042163232","display_name":"Tongquan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-1711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongquan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7421-1711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031580282","display_name":"Shiyan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2512-0634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0422,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96743977,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"10","first_page":"2095","last_page":"2108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7979142665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6397089958190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6334277391433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5368103981018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.5177642107009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.45863354206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.42509448528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reusability","display_name":"Reusability","score":0.4116949141025543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4102633595466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.33967769145965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.25768136978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.10755985975265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09361076354980469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7979142665863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6397089958190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6334277391433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5368103981018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.5177642107009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.45863354206085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.42509448528289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137981799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369184","display_name":"Reusability","level":3,"score":0.4116949141025543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4102633595466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.33967769145965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25768136978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.10755985975265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09361076354980469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2957374","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2143449822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30919011233","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2823754234","display_name":"\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u7269\u7406\u7cfb\u7edf\u9ad8\u6548\u53ef\u4fe1\u6784\u9020\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3164523449","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R007268/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G578633690","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8382373889","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1268450243","https://openalex.org/W1497336187","https://openalex.org/W1963552183","https://openalex.org/W1967738308","https://openalex.org/W2009360662","https://openalex.org/W2017990047","https://openalex.org/W2031183328","https://openalex.org/W2063425401","https://openalex.org/W2069700210","https://openalex.org/W2091517476","https://openalex.org/W2092471931","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2120530619","https://openalex.org/W2123740318","https://openalex.org/W2124165797","https://openalex.org/W2128270931","https://openalex.org/W2132261755","https://openalex.org/W2134571906","https://openalex.org/W2136903747","https://openalex.org/W2164448820","https://openalex.org/W2208896226","https://openalex.org/W2320684615","https://openalex.org/W2358348501","https://openalex.org/W2400861403","https://openalex.org/W2414114959","https://openalex.org/W2527484278","https://openalex.org/W2549342384","https://openalex.org/W2549687423","https://openalex.org/W2586430547","https://openalex.org/W2597885183","https://openalex.org/W2608659040","https://openalex.org/W2611158330","https://openalex.org/W2612572606","https://openalex.org/W2614052420","https://openalex.org/W2769413692","https://openalex.org/W2773437690","https://openalex.org/W2773498880","https://openalex.org/W2794343007","https://openalex.org/W2799998547","https://openalex.org/W2808351886","https://openalex.org/W2809464985","https://openalex.org/W2883796828","https://openalex.org/W2892214116","https://openalex.org/W2901657916","https://openalex.org/W2909318183","https://openalex.org/W2910414172","https://openalex.org/W2919372546","https://openalex.org/W2944118418","https://openalex.org/W3099200343","https://openalex.org/W3140212905","https://openalex.org/W4232595864","https://openalex.org/W4241572510","https://openalex.org/W4244570911","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W6641117534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297093186","https://openalex.org/W4362513762","https://openalex.org/W2046698369","https://openalex.org/W2963616097","https://openalex.org/W4313145167","https://openalex.org/W2952511314","https://openalex.org/W4312714354","https://openalex.org/W2989288874","https://openalex.org/W4321462912","https://openalex.org/W4288804888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fog":[0,24],"computing":[1,25,51,93],"is":[2,157],"an":[3,174],"emerging":[4],"architectural":[5],"paradigm":[6],"for":[7],"the":[8,11,119,130,137,149,152,170,192],"implementation":[9],"of":[10,13,37,43,49,63,67,79,88,105,136,173],"Internet":[12],"Things,":[14],"where":[15,134],"computation":[16,115,171],"moves":[17],"from":[18],"cloud":[19],"servers":[20],"to":[21,159,177,186,200],"network":[22],"edges.":[23],"systems":[26,52,94],"are":[27,127,145],"with":[28,96],"three":[29],"characteristics:":[30],"1)":[31],"low":[32],"latency;":[33],"2)":[34],"strong":[35],"presence":[36],"real-time":[38,61,89],"applications;":[39],"and":[40,65,76,100,108,132,140,194,202],"3)":[41],"reusability":[42,66],"end":[44,68,98,120],"devices.":[45],"Most":[46],"existing":[47],"designs":[48],"fog":[50,92,150],"concentrate":[53],"on":[54],"reducing":[55],"application":[56,175,196],"processing":[57],"latency,":[58],"but":[59],"neglect":[60],"requirements":[62],"applications":[64,90],"devices,":[69],"which":[70],"may":[71],"drastically":[72],"degrade":[73],"both":[74],"functionality":[75],"quality-of-service":[77],"(QoS)":[78],"applications.":[80],"In":[81],"this":[82],"article,":[83],"we":[84],"investigate":[85],"QoS":[86,197],"optimization":[87],"in":[91],"equipped":[95],"reusable":[97],"devices":[99],"powered":[101],"by":[102,164,198],"hybrid":[103],"energy":[104,124,154],"renewable":[106],"generations":[107],"grid":[109],"electricity.":[110],"We":[111],"propose":[112],"a":[113,160],"renewable-adaptive":[114],"offloading":[116,172],"approach.":[117],"At":[118,148],"device":[121],"layer,":[122,151],"local":[123,153],"allocation":[125,155],"schemes":[126],"designed":[128],"at":[129],"application-level":[131],"component-level,":[133],"techniques":[135],"cooperative":[138],"game":[139],"mixed-integer":[141],"linear":[142],"programming":[143],"(MILP)":[144],"leveraged,":[146],"respectively.":[147,204],"method":[156],"augmented":[158],"local-remote":[161],"scheduling":[162],"solution":[163],"judiciously":[165],"judging":[166],"whether":[167],"or":[168],"not":[169],"needs":[176],"be":[178],"triggered.":[179],"The":[180],"experimental":[181],"results":[182],"demonstrate":[183],"that":[184],"compared":[185],"benchmarking":[187],"algorithms,":[188],"our":[189],"approach":[190],"improves":[191],"overall":[193],"individual":[195],"up":[199],"101.93%":[201],"59.30%,":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}