{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955092019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","title":"Balancing Computation Loads and Optimizing Input Vector Loading in LSTM Accelerators","display_name":"Balancing Computation Loads and Optimizing Input Vector Loading in LSTM Accelerators","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955092019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","mag":"2955092019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089337265","display_name":"Junki Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5662-657X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junki Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5662-657X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008474646","display_name":"Wooseok Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wooseok Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023936391","display_name":"Daehyun Ahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-9963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehyun Ahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-9963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079872127","display_name":"Jaeha Kung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6151-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeha Kung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003219699","display_name":"Jae\u2010Joon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Joon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-8258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089337265"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7276,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83818688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"9","first_page":"1889","last_page":"1901"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.8110496997833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7454105019569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6758358478546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6253131628036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sparse-matrix","display_name":"Sparse matrix","score":0.5048754811286926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48670461773872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-engine","display_name":"Inference engine","score":0.4771527647972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.4713689088821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.428288996219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36180946230888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35357117652893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32985997200012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3160170912742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1368943452835083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.8110496997833252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7454105019569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6758358478546143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6253131628036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56372850","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050404","display_name":"Sparse matrix","level":3,"score":0.5048754811286926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48670461773872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.4771527647972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.4713689088821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.428288996219635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36180946230888367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35357117652893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32985997200012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3160170912742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1368943452835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/103545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/103545","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1316946266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2019-2011-1-00783","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G459406849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A7B4910249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492347181","https://openalex.org/W1899504021","https://openalex.org/W1922655562","https://openalex.org/W1969102784","https://openalex.org/W2004455575","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2093716905","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2139501017","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2229162816","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2474451066","https://openalex.org/W2525778437","https://openalex.org/W2527036487","https://openalex.org/W2529096783","https://openalex.org/W2585720638","https://openalex.org/W2588448445","https://openalex.org/W2625468380","https://openalex.org/W2757698722","https://openalex.org/W2788838111","https://openalex.org/W2798487653","https://openalex.org/W2962735857","https://openalex.org/W2962820060","https://openalex.org/W2962906592","https://openalex.org/W2963576560","https://openalex.org/W2963643655","https://openalex.org/W2964008850","https://openalex.org/W2964033223","https://openalex.org/W3127686677","https://openalex.org/W4245683599","https://openalex.org/W6631636882","https://openalex.org/W6640090968","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6685823913","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6898505805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057057690","https://openalex.org/W2368184788","https://openalex.org/W2358964818","https://openalex.org/W2359535128","https://openalex.org/W2381332051","https://openalex.org/W2321443665","https://openalex.org/W2375699995","https://openalex.org/W2043719711","https://openalex.org/W2140069467","https://openalex.org/W2364072231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64,119],"long":[1],"short-term":[2],"memory":[3,20],"(LSTM)":[4],"is":[5,23],"a":[6,43,97],"widely":[7],"used":[8],"neural":[9],"network":[10],"model":[11],"for":[12,122],"dealing":[13],"with":[14],"time-varying":[15],"data.":[16],"To":[17],"reduce":[18,106],"the":[19,27,31,35,56,60,69,75,85,91,107,115,130,134,146],"requirement,":[21],"pruning":[22],"often":[24],"applied":[25],"to":[26,54,78,104,145],"weight":[28],"matrix":[29,36,46],"of":[30,59,129],"LSTM,":[32],"which":[33,110],"makes":[34],"sparse.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"present":[42],"new":[44],"sparse":[45,51],"format,":[47],"named":[48],"rearranged":[49],"compressed":[50],"column":[52],"(RCSC),":[53],"maximize":[55],"inference":[57,70,140],"speed":[58],"LSTM":[61],"hardware":[62,98,136],"accelerator.":[63],"RCSC":[65,116],"format":[66,117,132],"speeds":[67],"up":[68],"by:":[71],"1)":[72],"evenly":[73],"distributing":[74],"computation":[76],"loads":[77],"processing":[79],"elements":[80],"(PEs)":[81],"and":[82,133],"2)":[83],"reducing":[84],"input":[86,102],"vector":[87],"load":[88],"miss":[89],"within":[90],"local":[92],"buffer.":[93],"We":[94],"also":[95],"propose":[96],"architecture":[99],"adopting":[100],"hierarchical":[101],"buffer":[103],"further":[105],"pipeline":[108],"stalls":[109],"cannot":[111],"be":[112],"handled":[113],"by":[114],"alone.":[118],"simulation":[120],"results":[121],"various":[123],"datasets":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"combined":[127],"use":[128],"RSCS":[131],"proposed":[135],"requires":[137],"2\u00d7":[138],"smaller":[139],"runtime":[141],"on":[142],"average":[143],"compared":[144],"previous":[147],"work.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
