{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955487432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","title":"The SAT Attack on IC Camouflaging: Impact and Potential Countermeasures","display_name":"The SAT Attack on IC Camouflaging: Impact and Potential Countermeasures","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955487432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","mag":"2955487432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053121769","display_name":"Mohamed El Massad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-6036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed El Massad","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4085-6036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010950688","display_name":"Siddharth Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-9512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6158-9512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081788400","display_name":"Mahesh Tripunitara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahesh V. Tripunitara","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3615-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85526665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"8","first_page":"1577","last_page":"1590"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.9451023936271667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-satisfiability-problem","display_name":"Boolean satisfiability problem","score":0.6959353089332581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6805537939071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.5428658723831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-function","display_name":"Boolean function","score":0.5028416514396667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4963122010231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boolean-circuit","display_name":"Boolean circuit","score":0.4466377794742584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43920889496803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4191282391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4035271406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.286917120218277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21831795573234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.21696221828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12413263320922852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.9451023936271667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6943359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875276","display_name":"Boolean satisfiability problem","level":2,"score":0.6959353089332581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6805537939071655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.5428658723831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187455244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942353","display_name":"Boolean function","level":2,"score":0.5028416514396667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4963122010231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141796577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837479","display_name":"Boolean circuit","level":3,"score":0.4466377794742584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43920889496803284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4191282391548157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4035271406173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.286917120218277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21831795573234558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.21696221828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12413263320922852}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2926478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2943578406","display_name":"STARSS: Small: New Attack Vectors and Formal Security Analysis for Integrated Circuit Logic Obfuscation","funder_award_id":"1527072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2989255803","display_name":"CAREER: Re-thinking Electronic Design Automation Algorithms for Secure Outsourced Integrated Circuit Fabrication","funder_award_id":"1553419","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4983232","https://openalex.org/W1515595447","https://openalex.org/W1518705996","https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1527197079","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W1599175145","https://openalex.org/W1858801493","https://openalex.org/W1894646615","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2052353102","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2075795621","https://openalex.org/W2124954128","https://openalex.org/W2126693329","https://openalex.org/W2134734244","https://openalex.org/W2152406824","https://openalex.org/W2165736604","https://openalex.org/W2221844577","https://openalex.org/W2285261652","https://openalex.org/W2343475170","https://openalex.org/W2347054447","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2426572037","https://openalex.org/W2476096155","https://openalex.org/W2499445168","https://openalex.org/W2532898432","https://openalex.org/W2536656707","https://openalex.org/W2579874865","https://openalex.org/W2587958472","https://openalex.org/W2614753493","https://openalex.org/W2615010670","https://openalex.org/W2615060729","https://openalex.org/W2616325639","https://openalex.org/W2626492933","https://openalex.org/W2708742051","https://openalex.org/W2738791420","https://openalex.org/W2741234428","https://openalex.org/W2741711485","https://openalex.org/W2747980214","https://openalex.org/W2755686843","https://openalex.org/W2757400610","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2770781225","https://openalex.org/W2771405182","https://openalex.org/W2772235844","https://openalex.org/W2782164439","https://openalex.org/W2789988871","https://openalex.org/W2789997193","https://openalex.org/W2798443351","https://openalex.org/W2798766313","https://openalex.org/W2798912380","https://openalex.org/W2800086831","https://openalex.org/W2802290189","https://openalex.org/W2806992466","https://openalex.org/W2809060450","https://openalex.org/W2887318853","https://openalex.org/W2894151917","https://openalex.org/W2899848879","https://openalex.org/W2900105238","https://openalex.org/W2901579402","https://openalex.org/W2951325841","https://openalex.org/W2963360895","https://openalex.org/W3099803115","https://openalex.org/W3105554950","https://openalex.org/W3124308571","https://openalex.org/W4229909763","https://openalex.org/W4231903137","https://openalex.org/W4246809981","https://openalex.org/W4254690223","https://openalex.org/W4298227433","https://openalex.org/W4300349690","https://openalex.org/W6600203084","https://openalex.org/W6669490149","https://openalex.org/W6678797189","https://openalex.org/W6742228250","https://openalex.org/W6742287765","https://openalex.org/W6785178568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114722319","https://openalex.org/W4242390528","https://openalex.org/W194961446","https://openalex.org/W2101347856","https://openalex.org/W83935621","https://openalex.org/W1518211069","https://openalex.org/W2028329758","https://openalex.org/W2109577721","https://openalex.org/W1499470128","https://openalex.org/W2398663978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Integrated":[0],"circuit":[1],"(IC)":[2],"camouflaging":[3,81],"is":[4,60,117,126],"a":[5,21,74,95,120],"promising":[6],"defense":[7,177],"against":[8,136],"so-called":[9],"IC":[10,23,80,98],"extraction":[11],"attacks":[12,78,88],"that":[13,61,131,159],"seek":[14],"to":[15,83,106,128,134,163],"reverse":[16,43,107],"engineer":[17],"the":[18,33,40,47,62,66,87,90,101,108,138,146,150,166,172],"netlist":[19,41],"of":[20,36,49,77,94,111,149,155,165,171],"packaged":[22],"using":[24],"delayering":[25],"and":[26,53,125,169],"imaging":[27],"techniques.":[28],"Camouflaging":[29],"works":[30],"by":[31],"hiding":[32],"Boolean":[34,69,102,109],"functionality":[35],"selected":[37],"gates":[38],"in":[39,119,153],"from":[42],"engineering,":[44],"albeit":[45],"at":[46],"cost":[48],"increased":[50],"gate":[51],"area":[52],"power.":[54],"The":[55,114],"intuitive":[56],"security":[57],"claim":[58],"then":[59,144],"attacker":[63],"cannot":[64],"infer":[65],"netlist's":[67],"exact":[68],"functionality.":[70],"This":[71,142],"paper":[72,143],"describes":[73],"powerful":[75],"class":[76],"on":[79,174],"referred":[82],"as":[84],"SAT":[85,115,151,167],"attacks;":[86],"use":[89],"input/output":[91],"(I/O)":[92],"behavior":[93],"functional":[96],"camouflaged":[97,112],"along":[99],"with":[100],"satisfiability":[103],"(SAT)-based":[104],"inference":[105],"functionalities":[110],"gates.":[113],"attack":[116,152,173],"rooted":[118],"foundational":[121],"complexity":[122],"theory":[123],"mindset":[124],"shown":[127],"defeat":[129],"defenses":[130,158],"previously":[132],"claimed":[133],"secure":[135,176],"even":[137],"most":[139],"determined":[140],"adversaries.":[141],"highlights":[145],"subsequent":[147],"impact":[148],"terms":[154],"new":[156],"SAT-resilient":[157],"emerged,":[160],"their":[161],"vulnerability":[162],"enhancements":[164],"attack,":[168],"implications":[170],"provably":[175],"mechanisms.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}