{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2915693550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","title":"ParRA: A Shared Memory Parallel FPGA Router Using Hybrid Partitioning Approach","display_name":"ParRA: A Shared Memory Parallel FPGA Router Using Hybrid Partitioning Approach","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2915693550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","mag":"2915693550"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055174340","display_name":"Dekui Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dekui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071051896","display_name":"Zhenhua Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6906-9881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003990194","display_name":"Cong Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090537930","display_name":"Bohu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0978-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bohu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331270","display_name":"Nan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-2505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICTT and ISN Laboratory, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055174340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0858,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77457189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"4","first_page":"830","last_page":"842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.7414547204971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.7240985631942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7200857400894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.6547362804412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.48024919629096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4435201585292816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.43140289187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-memory","display_name":"Shared memory","score":0.4168170392513275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.28835007548332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.10392922163009644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.7414547204971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.7240985631942749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7200857400894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.6547362804412842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.48024919629096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4435201585292816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.43140289187431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.4168170392513275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28835007548332214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.10392922163009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2901243","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3596336811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61751207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5115926484","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61732013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G799493931","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61420106004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520093263","https://openalex.org/W1523051745","https://openalex.org/W1632217358","https://openalex.org/W1978599303","https://openalex.org/W1983241261","https://openalex.org/W2005602803","https://openalex.org/W2014889099","https://openalex.org/W2023428606","https://openalex.org/W2037455559","https://openalex.org/W2038935766","https://openalex.org/W2105917387","https://openalex.org/W2120413316","https://openalex.org/W2139637699","https://openalex.org/W2143131934","https://openalex.org/W2161531333","https://openalex.org/W2275304190","https://openalex.org/W2525280901","https://openalex.org/W2538120373","https://openalex.org/W2583892184","https://openalex.org/W2725774997","https://openalex.org/W2760841755","https://openalex.org/W2766937070","https://openalex.org/W2769248696","https://openalex.org/W2774839901","https://openalex.org/W2791620471","https://openalex.org/W2792745633","https://openalex.org/W4232904085","https://openalex.org/W4233693404","https://openalex.org/W4249043400","https://openalex.org/W4300686142","https://openalex.org/W6636788473","https://openalex.org/W6654186649","https://openalex.org/W6749230270"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W2013643406","https://openalex.org/W2157978810","https://openalex.org/W2597809628","https://openalex.org/W3046370962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,95],"this":[1,96],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,98,183],"propose":[4],"a":[5],"shared-memory":[6],"parallel":[7,23,115,120,147,164,180,203],"field-programmable":[8],"gate":[9],"array":[10],"(FPGA)":[11],"router":[12,204],"called":[13],"ParRA.":[14],"Basically,":[15],"ParRA":[16,214],"is":[17,32],"composed":[18],"of":[19,75,103,193,219,237],"hybrid":[20,27],"partitioning":[21],"and":[22,37,131,189],"routing.":[24],"During":[25,113],"the":[26,46,61,83,86,101,114,127,140,157,166,169,177,185,191,235],"partitioning,":[28],"first":[29],"an":[30,216],"FPGA":[31],"split":[33],"into":[34,42,67],"multiple":[35],"subregions":[36],"nets":[38,48,54,63,77,84,104,128,167],"are":[39,64,123,144,151,161,173],"geographically":[40],"partitioned":[41,66],"local":[43,132,159,171],"subsets.":[44,69],"As":[45],"intersubregion":[47,62,76],"usually":[49],"overlap":[50,80],"each":[51,71,81],"other,":[52,82],"these":[53],"cannot":[55],"be":[56,91,109],"routed":[57,92,110,145,152,162,174],"in":[58,85,93,111,129,139,146,163,168],"parallel.":[59,94,112],"Second,":[60],"further":[65],"conflict-free":[68,72,88,130,136,142,149],"Since":[70],"subset":[73,89,143,172],"consists":[74],"do":[78],"not":[79],"same":[87,141,170],"can":[90],"way,":[97],"significantly":[99],"increase":[100],"number":[102],"that":[105,213],"have":[106],"potential":[107],"to":[108,125,197,227],"routing":[116,121,181,207],"process,":[117],"two":[118,178],"novel":[119],"strategies":[122],"applied":[124],"route":[126],"subsets,":[133,137],"respectively.":[134],"With":[135,176],"sinks":[138],"while":[148,165],"subsets":[150,160],"one":[153],"by":[154],"one.":[155],"On":[156],"contrast,":[158],"sequentially.":[175],"different":[179],"strategies,":[182],"reduce":[184],"interference":[186],"between":[187],"threads":[188,225],"balance":[190],"workload":[192],"threads,":[194],"which":[195],"contributes":[196],"gain":[198],"more":[199],"parallelism.":[200],"The":[201,209],"proposed":[202],"provides":[205],"deterministic":[206],"results.":[208,238],"experimental":[210],"results":[211],"show":[212],"achieves":[215],"average":[217],"speedup":[218],"$24.3":[220],"{\\times":[221],"}$":[222],"with":[223],"16":[224],"compared":[226],"VPR":[228],"7.0,":[229],"has":[230],"no":[231],"negative":[232],"impact":[233],"on":[234],"quality":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
