{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906472504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","title":"An FPGA-Based Hardware Emulator for Neuromorphic Chip With RRAM","display_name":"An FPGA-Based Hardware Emulator for Neuromorphic Chip With RRAM","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906472504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","mag":"2906472504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630043","display_name":"Tao Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-3676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641605","display_name":"Xuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1423-2585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069998800","display_name":"Chuping Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuping Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-6037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002043788","display_name":"Matthew Kay Fei Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Kay Fei Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103180941","display_name":"Wai Teng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6553-1270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wai Teng Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023989495","display_name":"Weng\u2010Fai Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng-Fai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001599295","display_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick Siow Mong Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101630043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5706,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84657686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"438","last_page":"450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9585814476013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.8163760900497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossbar-switch","display_name":"Crossbar switch","score":0.6864519119262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.6787943840026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.654553234577179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6106103658676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5530739426612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-on-a-chip","display_name":"Network on a chip","score":0.5012719631195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtex","display_name":"Virtex","score":0.4998817443847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4882345497608185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.46244388818740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.4380098879337311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.42480528354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.42413291335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19726726412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11078748106956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10906577110290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.09104049205780029}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9585814476013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.8163760900497437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29984679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929149","display_name":"Crossbar switch","level":2,"score":0.6864519119262695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.6787943840026855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.654553234577179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6106103658676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5530739426612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128519102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339554","display_name":"Network on a chip","level":2,"score":0.5012719631195068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777674469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20741011","display_name":"Virtex","level":3,"score":0.4998817443847656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4882345497608185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.46244388818740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.4380098879337311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.42480528354644775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.42413291335105896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19726726412773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11078748106956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10906577110290527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.09104049205780029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2889670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320698","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101771737","https://openalex.org/W109260451","https://openalex.org/W197865394","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1575559507","https://openalex.org/W1604973310","https://openalex.org/W1667652561","https://openalex.org/W1851896842","https://openalex.org/W1893413090","https://openalex.org/W1971319818","https://openalex.org/W1976878754","https://openalex.org/W1983964264","https://openalex.org/W1987760418","https://openalex.org/W1993932725","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2025535306","https://openalex.org/W2031559328","https://openalex.org/W2035054741","https://openalex.org/W2044814508","https://openalex.org/W2045469471","https://openalex.org/W2046500578","https://openalex.org/W2078869871","https://openalex.org/W2102397476","https://openalex.org/W2125719594","https://openalex.org/W2130360162","https://openalex.org/W2130459697","https://openalex.org/W2133557550","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2169541086","https://openalex.org/W2170942403","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2408724663","https://openalex.org/W2524428287","https://openalex.org/W2554957171","https://openalex.org/W2564219748","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2743776257","https://openalex.org/W2768104155","https://openalex.org/W2963674932","https://openalex.org/W2964166416","https://openalex.org/W4253860821","https://openalex.org/W4302296459","https://openalex.org/W6637151318","https://openalex.org/W6638632666","https://openalex.org/W6682751323","https://openalex.org/W6727208969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3005999147","https://openalex.org/W3176428941","https://openalex.org/W3089883684","https://openalex.org/W4232634182","https://openalex.org/W4301187613","https://openalex.org/W2923038022","https://openalex.org/W3008646524","https://openalex.org/W4385624997","https://openalex.org/W2593506445","https://openalex.org/W3113629066"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"chip":[1,45,68,74,85],"with":[2],"RRAM":[3,153],"devices":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"demonstrated":[7],"as":[8,152],"a":[9,66,92,125,168],"promising":[10],"computing":[11],"platform":[12],"for":[13,81,100],"neural":[14,24,122,142,187],"network-based":[15],"applications.":[16],"By":[17],"directly":[18],"mapping":[19],"the":[20,39,51,63,108,116,121,138,141,145,162,174,177],"weight":[21],"matrices":[22],"of":[23,41,55,65,110,115,124,164,176],"networks":[25],"onto":[26],"RRAM-based":[27,43,102,117],"crossbar":[28],"arrays,":[29],"high":[30],"energy,":[31],"and":[32,53,58,112,155,158,186],"area":[33],"efficiency":[34],"can":[35,60],"be":[36],"achieved.":[37],"However,":[38,72],"design":[40,64],"an":[42,101,129,165],"neuromorphic":[44,67,103,126,169],"faces":[46],"many":[47],"constraints":[48],"due":[49],"to":[50,70,136],"variability":[52],"limitations":[54],"RRAM.":[56],"Simulation":[57],"emulation":[59,109],"help":[61],"in":[62,120,179],"prior":[69],"fabrication.":[71],"software-based":[73],"simulation":[75],"on":[76,95,134,167],"CPU":[77],"is":[78,131],"slow,":[79],"especially":[80],"large-scale":[82],"network-on-chip":[83],"(NoC)-based":[84],"design.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,147],"present":[91],"hardware":[93],"emulator":[94,106,178],"field-programmable":[96],"gate":[97],"array":[98],"(FPGA)":[99],"chip.":[104,127,170],"Our":[105],"supports":[107],"static":[111],"dynamic":[113],"variation":[114],"crossbars":[118],"used":[119],"cores":[123],"Furthermore,":[128],"NoC":[130,181],"also":[132,172],"implemented":[133],"FPGA":[135],"emulate":[137],"communication":[139],"between":[140],"cores.":[143],"Using":[144],"emulator,":[146],"show":[148],"that":[149],"effects,":[150],"such":[151],"write":[154],"read":[156],"noise":[157],"stuck-at":[159],"faults":[160],"affect":[161],"accuracy":[163],"application":[166],"We":[171],"demonstrate":[173],"utility":[175],"investigating":[180],"topologies,":[182],"routing":[183],"buffer":[184],"depths,":[185],"core":[188],"mappings.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}