{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2895195713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","title":"Heterogeneous FPGA-Based Cost-Optimal Design for Timing-Constrained CNNs","display_name":"Heterogeneous FPGA-Based Cost-Optimal Design for Timing-Constrained CNNs","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2895195713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","mag":"2895195713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019027088","display_name":"Weiwen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9004-487X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Weiwen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077381252","display_name":"Edwin H.\u2010M. Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Hsing-Mean Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005358696","display_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698152","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-440X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030718577","display_name":"Xianzhang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-377X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianzhang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066534595","display_name":"Jingtong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019027088"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0849,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94048877,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"11","first_page":"2542","last_page":"2554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8506419658660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6955854892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6469090580940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6399663686752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6134794354438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5666534900665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5182992815971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4624265730381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.4519571363925934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-parallelism","display_name":"Data parallelism","score":0.42302432656288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.4105755686759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3245037794113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallelism","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","score":0.28057190775871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2586711049079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2557114362716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11926460266113281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8506419658660889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6955854892730713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6469090580940247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6399663686752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6134794354438782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5666534900665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5182992815971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4624265730381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.4519571363925934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61483411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3124522","display_name":"Data parallelism","level":3,"score":0.42302432656288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4105755686759949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3245037794113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853109","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.28057190775871277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2586711049079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2557114362716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11926460266113281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2857098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2047720370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61472052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5283847649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1820537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7450386373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706050116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G768789620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201706050117","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1676766935","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1993104117","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2294282016","https://openalex.org/W2318454936","https://openalex.org/W2466675884","https://openalex.org/W2475840367","https://openalex.org/W2530030957","https://openalex.org/W2550406932","https://openalex.org/W2564533549","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2727238169","https://openalex.org/W2775999956","https://openalex.org/W2782538613","https://openalex.org/W2799462322","https://openalex.org/W2800313972","https://openalex.org/W2890068895","https://openalex.org/W2962854645","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W6637264818","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6750768237"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2150291671","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W2177838837","https://openalex.org/W2963831937","https://openalex.org/W2748614007","https://openalex.org/W2080419754"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Field":[0],"programmable":[1],"gate":[2],"array":[3],"(FPGA)":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"one":[7],"of":[8,105,141,173,187],"the":[9,30,33,40,62,67,78,115,136,166,180,194,200],"most":[10],"popular":[11],"platforms":[12],"to":[13,20,52,76,90,93,107,134,155],"implement":[14,108],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(CNNs)":[18],"due":[19],"its":[21],"high":[22],"performance":[23,192],"and":[24,57,99,184],"cost":[25,69,158,178,196],"efficiency;":[26],"however,":[27],"limited":[28],"by":[29],"on-chip":[31],"resources,":[32],"existing":[34],"single-FPGA":[35],"architectures":[36],"cannot":[37],"fully":[38],"exploit":[39],"parallelism":[41,151],"in":[42,176,191],"CNNs.":[43],"In":[44,74],"this":[45],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,81,127,143],"explore":[48],"heterogeneous":[49],"FPGA-based":[50],"designs":[51],"effectively":[53],"leverage":[54],"both":[55],"task":[56,79,101],"data":[58,150],"parallelism,":[59,80],"such":[60],"that":[61,148,165],"resultant":[63],"system":[64,177],"can":[65,169],"achieve":[66],"minimum":[68],"while":[70],"satisfying":[71],"timing":[72,182],"constraints.":[73],"order":[75],"maximize":[77],"investigate":[82],"two":[83],"critical":[84],"problems:":[85],"1)":[86],"buffer":[87],"placement,":[88],"where":[89],"place":[91],"buffers":[92],"partition":[94],"CNNs":[95,163],"into":[96],"pipeline":[97],"stages":[98],"2)":[100],"assignment,":[102],"what":[103],"type":[104],"FPGA":[106],"different":[109],"CNN":[110,153],"layers.":[111],"We":[112],"first":[113],"formulate":[114],"system-level":[116],"optimization":[117],"problem":[118],"with":[119,199],"a":[120],"mixed":[121],"integer":[122],"linear":[123],"programming":[124,132],"model.":[125],"Then,":[126],"propose":[128],"an":[129,145,171,185],"efficient":[130,146],"dynamic":[131],"algorithm":[133,147],"obtain":[135,170],"optimal":[137],"solutions.":[138],"On":[139],"top":[140],"that,":[142],"devise":[144],"exploits":[149],"within":[152],"layers":[154],"further":[156],"improve":[157],"efficiency.":[159],"Evaluations":[160],"on":[161],"well-known":[162],"demonstrate":[164],"proposed":[167],"techniques":[168],"average":[172,186],"30.82%":[174],"reduction":[175],"under":[179,193],"same":[181,195],"constraint,":[183],"1.5":[188],"times":[189],"speedup":[190],"budget,":[197],"compared":[198],"state-of-the-art":[201],"techniques.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
