{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800449930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","title":"Efficient Generation of Dilution Gradients With Digital Microfluidic Biochips","display_name":"Efficient Generation of Dilution Gradients With Digital Microfluidic Biochips","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800449930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","mag":"2800449930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886706","display_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076542292","display_name":"Ansuman Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0220-646X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ansuman Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Computing and Microelectronics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Computing and Microelectronics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062800747","display_name":"Tsung-Yi Ho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7348-5625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Yi Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880864","display_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067730042","display_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-2483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Computing and Microelectronics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Computing and Microelectronics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062886706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75863731,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":"874","last_page":"887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10412","display_name":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochip","display_name":"Biochip","score":0.8874858617782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidics","display_name":"Microfluidics","score":0.8050805330276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution","display_name":"Dilution","score":0.6390630006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-microfluidics","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","score":0.5376250743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentration-gradient","display_name":"Concentration gradient","score":0.519214928150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.5049567818641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4793075621128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3533244729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.2706702947616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.2624015808105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemical-engineering","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","score":0.20874685049057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19561687111854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.10191720724105835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.8874858617782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.8050805330276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3028008","display_name":"Dilution","level":2,"score":0.6390630006790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92444450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276112","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","level":4,"score":0.5376250743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018453882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17104113","display_name":"Concentration gradient","level":2,"score":0.519214928150177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.5049567818641663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4793075621128082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3533244729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2706702947616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.2624015808105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183696295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2487696","display_name":"Biochemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20874685049057007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19561687111854553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10191720724105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779673822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907239","display_name":"Electrowetting","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2834413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516989603","https://openalex.org/W1600748130","https://openalex.org/W1964698195","https://openalex.org/W1975920074","https://openalex.org/W1978240589","https://openalex.org/W1980181699","https://openalex.org/W1982492379","https://openalex.org/W1994189867","https://openalex.org/W1996553024","https://openalex.org/W2000908367","https://openalex.org/W2001607419","https://openalex.org/W2007783125","https://openalex.org/W2009022628","https://openalex.org/W2009886632","https://openalex.org/W2013117405","https://openalex.org/W2015881798","https://openalex.org/W2024447195","https://openalex.org/W2028894110","https://openalex.org/W2029067656","https://openalex.org/W2032239903","https://openalex.org/W2045249702","https://openalex.org/W2053044040","https://openalex.org/W2062409563","https://openalex.org/W2064880903","https://openalex.org/W2068411283","https://openalex.org/W2078996548","https://openalex.org/W2080947619","https://openalex.org/W2082064020","https://openalex.org/W2084364074","https://openalex.org/W2088751545","https://openalex.org/W2091357581","https://openalex.org/W2091448675","https://openalex.org/W2095086030","https://openalex.org/W2096130817","https://openalex.org/W2125565875","https://openalex.org/W2132454057","https://openalex.org/W2132963724","https://openalex.org/W2145500519","https://openalex.org/W2147873638","https://openalex.org/W2154465198","https://openalex.org/W2156649881","https://openalex.org/W2160015064","https://openalex.org/W2168567259","https://openalex.org/W2170633497","https://openalex.org/W2208361805","https://openalex.org/W2325509233","https://openalex.org/W2439612043","https://openalex.org/W2488722193","https://openalex.org/W2517695883","https://openalex.org/W2524975953","https://openalex.org/W2549101399","https://openalex.org/W2616925246","https://openalex.org/W2621425644","https://openalex.org/W2622225037","https://openalex.org/W2748581624","https://openalex.org/W2787751710","https://openalex.org/W2790494341","https://openalex.org/W4239130850","https://openalex.org/W6649596102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074654211","https://openalex.org/W2593620286","https://openalex.org/W4235248979","https://openalex.org/W2624661525","https://openalex.org/W2791832251","https://openalex.org/W1966788972","https://openalex.org/W2029481052","https://openalex.org/W2757330072","https://openalex.org/W2738065864","https://openalex.org/W1834829329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"microfluidic":[1,64],"biochips":[2],"(DMFBs)":[3],"are":[4,39,59,88,207],"now":[5],"being":[6],"extensively":[7],"used":[8],"to":[9,90,183,193],"automate":[10],"several":[11],"biochemical":[12],"laboratory":[13],"protocols":[14],"such":[15,51],"as":[16,52],"clinical":[17],"analysis,":[18,35],"point-of-care":[19],"diagnostics,":[20],"or":[21,37,55],"DNA":[22],"sequencing.":[23],"In":[24,118],"many":[25],"biological":[26],"assays,":[27],"e.g.,":[28],"bacterial":[29],"susceptibility":[30],"tests":[31],"and":[32,73,75,115,130,154,157],"cellular":[33],"response":[34],"samples,":[36],"reagents":[38],"required":[40],"in":[41,181,209],"multiple":[42,96],"concentration":[43,139],"(or":[44],"dilution)":[45],"factors,":[46],"satisfying":[47],"certain":[48],"gradient":[49],"patterns":[50],"linear,":[53],"exponential,":[54],"parabolic.":[56],"Dilution":[57],"gradients":[58,129,176],"traditionally":[60],"prepared":[61],"using":[62],"continuous-flow":[63],"devices.":[65],"Unfortunately,":[66],"most":[67],"of":[68,80,101,109,127,136,151,174,199,211],"them":[69,132],"suffer":[70],"from":[71],"inflexibility":[72],"nonprogrammability,":[74],"they":[76],"require":[77],"large":[78],"volumes":[79],"costly":[81],"stock-solutions.":[82],"DMFBs,":[83],"on":[84,162,204],"the":[85,102,107,110,123,137,149,212],"other":[86],"hand,":[87],"shown":[89],"produce,":[91],"more":[92],"efficiently,":[93],"samples":[94],"with":[95,196],"dilution":[97],"factors.":[98],"However,":[99],"none":[100],"existing":[103],"DMFB-based":[104],"algorithms":[105],"utilize":[106],"properties":[108],"gradient-profile":[111],"while":[112],"optimizing":[113],"reactant-cost":[114],"sample-preparation":[116],"time.":[117],"this":[119],"paper,":[120],"we":[121,144,188],"explore":[122],"underlying":[124],"combinatorial":[125],"attributes":[126],"different":[128],"harnessed":[131],"for":[133,169],"efficient":[134],"production":[135],"desired":[138],"profile.":[140],"For":[141],"linear":[142,200],"gradients,":[143],"present":[145],"theoretical":[146],"results":[147,203],"concerning":[148],"number":[150],"mix-split":[152],"operations":[153],"waste":[155],"production,":[156],"prove":[158],"an":[159],"upper":[160],"bound":[161],"on-chip":[163],"storage":[164],"requirement.":[165],"A":[166],"cost-effective":[167],"method":[168],"generating":[170],"a":[171,185,190,197],"wide":[172],"class":[173],"exponential":[175],"is":[177],"also":[178],"proposed.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"order":[182],"handle":[184],"complex-shaped":[186],"gradient,":[187],"posit":[189],"digital-geometric":[191],"technique":[192],"approximate":[194],"it":[195],"sequence":[198],"gradients.":[201],"Experimental":[202],"various":[205],"gradient-profiles":[206],"presented":[208],"support":[210],"proposed":[213],"method.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}