{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2785858912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","title":"Exploiting Spin-Orbit Torque Devices As Reconfigurable Logic for Circuit Obfuscation","display_name":"Exploiting Spin-Orbit Torque Devices As Reconfigurable Logic for Circuit Obfuscation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2785858912","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","mag":"2785858912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02789","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053303853","display_name":"Jianlei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8424-7040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianlei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390413","display_name":"Xueyan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-4730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101929507","display_name":"Qiang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7369-3598"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897117","display_name":"Zhaohao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429403","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3228-6544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058073627","display_name":"Yiran Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109540745","display_name":"Weisheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1386-4887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fert Beijing Research Institute, BDBC, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053303853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5795,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97199628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"69"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.6786835193634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.612876832485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbit","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","score":0.510688841342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49671798944473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","score":0.4863210618495941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3763737678527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3569561243057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26649147272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2040906846523285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.16774189472198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.05895960330963135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.6786835193634033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.612876832485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.510688841342926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49671798944473267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4863210618495941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3763737678527832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3569561243057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26649147272109985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2040906846523285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.16774189472198486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.05895960330963135}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2018.2802870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.02789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.02789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02789","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02789","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2734981190","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800095959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZG216S1745","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5308564393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1157040329","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6468688271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6561724508","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF CNS-1744111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7658372571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61521091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8689867395","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61571023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W811376922","https://openalex.org/W1505400302","https://openalex.org/W1521839253","https://openalex.org/W1528837436","https://openalex.org/W1563828279","https://openalex.org/W1565539145","https://openalex.org/W1672358941","https://openalex.org/W1985184634","https://openalex.org/W1991720749","https://openalex.org/W2006267758","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2014744284","https://openalex.org/W2031539925","https://openalex.org/W2053162526","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2071950419","https://openalex.org/W2072610908","https://openalex.org/W2075795621","https://openalex.org/W2077497520","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2096445739","https://openalex.org/W2099101940","https://openalex.org/W2110276925","https://openalex.org/W2119749816","https://openalex.org/W2140904634","https://openalex.org/W2151290635","https://openalex.org/W2160796815","https://openalex.org/W2229639330","https://openalex.org/W2229991928","https://openalex.org/W2300806133","https://openalex.org/W2323009761","https://openalex.org/W2328430807","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2343180950","https://openalex.org/W2380876451","https://openalex.org/W2394517960","https://openalex.org/W2419199464","https://openalex.org/W2517202391","https://openalex.org/W2519596390","https://openalex.org/W2550053401","https://openalex.org/W2566491692","https://openalex.org/W2790154111","https://openalex.org/W3104870461","https://openalex.org/W3105123584","https://openalex.org/W3140586337","https://openalex.org/W3146022231","https://openalex.org/W4243195860","https://openalex.org/W4246809981","https://openalex.org/W6633762270","https://openalex.org/W6637246973","https://openalex.org/W6669490149","https://openalex.org/W6684751712","https://openalex.org/W6710061435","https://openalex.org/W6711956689","https://openalex.org/W6726806222","https://openalex.org/W6947919224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4224216661","https://openalex.org/W2132360941","https://openalex.org/W3210347767","https://openalex.org/W2066014542","https://openalex.org/W67940504","https://openalex.org/W2024170198","https://openalex.org/W2152144666","https://openalex.org/W1819617256","https://openalex.org/W2596984206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Circuit":[0],"obfuscation":[1,22,41,90,123],"is":[2,43,62],"a":[3],"frequently":[4],"used":[5],"approach":[6,42,91,115],"to":[7,13,55,65,74,122],"conceal":[8],"logic":[9,54],"functionalities":[10,82],"in":[11],"order":[12],"prevent":[14],"reverse":[15],"engineering":[16],"attacks":[17],"on":[18,104],"fabricated":[19],"chips.":[20],"Efficient":[21],"implementations":[23],"are":[24,83],"expected":[25],"with":[26,70,98],"lower":[27],"design":[28],"complexity":[29],"and":[30,106],"overhead":[31],"but":[32],"higher":[33],"attack":[34,101],"difficulties.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"an":[39,89],"emerging":[40],"proposed":[44,114],"by":[45,85,124],"leveraging":[46],"spin-orbit":[47],"torque":[48],"(SOT)":[49],"devices-based":[50],"look-up-tables":[51],"as":[52],"reconfigurable":[53],"replace":[56],"the":[57,67,75,80,93,113,118],"carefully":[58],"selected":[59],"gates.":[60],"It":[61],"essentially":[63],"impossible":[64],"identify":[66],"obfuscated":[68],"gate":[69],"SOTs":[71],"inside":[72],"according":[73],"physical":[76],"geometry":[77],"characteristics":[78],"because":[79],"configured":[81],"represented":[84],"magnetization":[86],"states.":[87],"Such":[88],"makes":[92],"circuit":[94],"security":[95],"further":[96],"improved":[97],"high":[99],"exponential":[100],"complexities.":[102],"Experiments":[103],"MCNC":[105],"ISCAS":[107],"85/89":[108],"benchmark":[109],"suits":[110],"show":[111],"that":[112],"could":[116],"reduce":[117],"area":[119],"overheads":[120],"due":[121],"10%":[125],"averagely.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}