{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2566529203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","title":"A General Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection in Digital Circuits by Statistical Learning Algorithms","display_name":"A General Framework for Hardware Trojan Detection in Digital Circuits by Statistical Learning Algorithms","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2566529203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","mag":"2566529203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373745","display_name":"Xiaohong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403195","display_name":"Lin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7485-4493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90259746","display_name":"Capital University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5sf951","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Statistics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Statistics, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100445148","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0597-3544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045721867","display_name":"Yongpan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-2309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023755254","display_name":"Huazhong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2421-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100373745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89411322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"10","first_page":"1633","last_page":"1646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.9372576475143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.676014244556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.5924609899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48714038729667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-circuit","display_name":"Integrated circuit","score":0.4788908064365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.422024667263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3442996144294739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33925533294677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18205612897872925}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.9372576475143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.676014244556427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5924609899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48714038729667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.4788908064365387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.422024667263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3442996144294739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33925533294677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18205612897872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2016.2638442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2122852399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61532017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4307001431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61622403","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","funder_display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333688","display_name":"National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612784192","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1964927258","https://openalex.org/W1974261039","https://openalex.org/W1974774078","https://openalex.org/W1981975308","https://openalex.org/W1991988273","https://openalex.org/W1992787530","https://openalex.org/W1994094562","https://openalex.org/W1996546647","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2040556057","https://openalex.org/W2047855165","https://openalex.org/W2048721739","https://openalex.org/W2050351395","https://openalex.org/W2051035044","https://openalex.org/W2055907668","https://openalex.org/W2061007021","https://openalex.org/W2065858973","https://openalex.org/W2065891615","https://openalex.org/W2074123919","https://openalex.org/W2088380002","https://openalex.org/W2101246871","https://openalex.org/W2109850893","https://openalex.org/W2110458027","https://openalex.org/W2112390919","https://openalex.org/W2117452906","https://openalex.org/W2118333479","https://openalex.org/W2126693329","https://openalex.org/W2127271355","https://openalex.org/W2128659236","https://openalex.org/W2148396849","https://openalex.org/W2148559224","https://openalex.org/W2150357124","https://openalex.org/W2151218494","https://openalex.org/W2151668694","https://openalex.org/W2153292994","https://openalex.org/W2154978532","https://openalex.org/W2155843186","https://openalex.org/W2162935501","https://openalex.org/W2164583113","https://openalex.org/W2164696938","https://openalex.org/W2166778460","https://openalex.org/W2170908768","https://openalex.org/W2189470380","https://openalex.org/W2207233201","https://openalex.org/W2210885409","https://openalex.org/W2432335885","https://openalex.org/W2472536324","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W4236413755","https://openalex.org/W4252148401","https://openalex.org/W4252410013","https://openalex.org/W4253920039","https://openalex.org/W4255686002","https://openalex.org/W6674983094","https://openalex.org/W6684357111","https://openalex.org/W6685230354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079529953","https://openalex.org/W2740504204","https://openalex.org/W2759901721","https://openalex.org/W2984210246","https://openalex.org/W3128062812","https://openalex.org/W3111946207","https://openalex.org/W2911890136","https://openalex.org/W2677867825","https://openalex.org/W2936917976","https://openalex.org/W2033565368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,60,72],"continuous":[1],"globalization":[2],"of":[3,12,33,62,92,100,125],"the":[4,10,31,90,97,101,118,133,155],"semiconductor":[5],"industry":[6],"has":[7],"significantly":[8],"raised":[9],"vulnerability":[11],"chips":[13,28],"under":[14,151],"hardware":[15],"Trojan":[16],"(HT)":[17],"attacks.":[18],"It":[19],"is":[20,65,76,94,109],"extremely":[21],"challenging":[22],"to":[23,30,66,96,111,140],"detect":[24,67],"HTs":[25,68,93],"in":[26,56],"fabricated":[27],"due":[29],"existence":[32,91],"process":[34],"variations":[35],"(PVs),":[36],"since":[37],"PVs":[38,113],"may":[39],"cause":[40],"larger":[41],"impacts":[42],"than":[43],"HTs.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,63],"paper,":[47],"we":[48],"propose":[49],"a":[50,84],"novel":[51],"framework":[52,157],"for":[53,114,117],"HT":[54,73,161],"detection":[55,74,162],"digital":[57],"integrated":[58],"circuits.":[59],"goal":[61],"paper":[64],"inserted":[69],"during":[70],"fabrication.":[71],"problem":[75],"formulated":[77],"as":[78],"an":[79],"under-determined":[80,126],"linear":[81,102,127],"system":[82],"by":[83,132],"sparse":[85,98,119,144],"gate":[86,120],"profiling":[87,121],"technique,":[88],"and":[89],"mapped":[95],"solution":[99],"system.":[103],"A":[104,123],"Bayesian":[105],"inference-based":[106],"calibration":[107],"technique":[108],"proposed":[110,156],"recover":[112],"each":[115],"chip":[116],"technique.":[122],"batch":[124],"systems":[128],"are":[129],"solved":[130],"together":[131],"well-studied":[134],"simultaneous":[135],"orthogonal":[136],"matching":[137],"pursuit":[138],"algorithm":[139],"get":[141],"their":[142],"common":[143],"solution.":[145],"Experimental":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"even":[150],"big":[152],"measurement":[153,166],"errors,":[154],"gets":[158],"quite":[159],"high":[160],"rates":[163],"with":[164],"low":[165],"cost.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}