{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2045707727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","title":"Belling the CAD: Toward Security-Centric Electronic System Design","display_name":"Belling the CAD: Toward Security-Centric Electronic System Design","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2045707727","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","mag":"2045707727"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059126377","display_name":"Jeyavijayan Rajendran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-3746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeyavijayan Rajendran","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA",", New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974","https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109452411","display_name":"Aman Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36326968","display_name":"InterDigital (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w335z67","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36326968"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aman Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cigital, Dulles, VA, USA","Cigital, Dulles, VA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cigital, Dulles, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36326968"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cigital, Dulles, VA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36326968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Uae#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, Uae#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648257","display_name":"Ramesh Karri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Karri","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA",", New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974","https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8164,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95817669,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"11","first_page":"1756","last_page":"1769"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.984000027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.6249987483024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5758626461029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.530646026134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-flow","display_name":"Design flow","score":0.4905223250389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4479031562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.4208183288574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.3228280246257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.27294033765792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12033259868621826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.6249987483024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5758626461029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.530646026134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.4905223250389099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4479031562805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.4208183288574219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3228280246257782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27294033765792847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12033259868621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2428707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1555915743","https://openalex.org/W1567363020","https://openalex.org/W1601669156","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2029979276","https://openalex.org/W2031614119","https://openalex.org/W2053656235","https://openalex.org/W2055907668","https://openalex.org/W2062271532","https://openalex.org/W2063477863","https://openalex.org/W2064541558","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2070402310","https://openalex.org/W2106409910","https://openalex.org/W2106722176","https://openalex.org/W2116976990","https://openalex.org/W2122078405","https://openalex.org/W2124954128","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2140904634","https://openalex.org/W2166029537","https://openalex.org/W3144121041","https://openalex.org/W4234154886","https://openalex.org/W6666114497","https://openalex.org/W6666449423","https://openalex.org/W6675797392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119527718","https://openalex.org/W2070693700","https://openalex.org/W2059469225","https://openalex.org/W1526526967","https://openalex.org/W2055457107","https://openalex.org/W2114181278","https://openalex.org/W1968820223","https://openalex.org/W2183724207","https://openalex.org/W4212951274","https://openalex.org/W2114561937"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,65],"order":[1,48],"to":[2,103,172,181],"keep":[3],"pace":[4],"with":[5,143],"the":[6,38,77,87,91,105,113,126,130,133,144,183,186,193],"growing":[7],"complexity":[8],"of":[9,37,49,84,93,129,185],"integrated":[10],"circuits":[11],"(ICs),":[12],"IC":[13,54,78],"and":[14,61,137,139,147,152,189,195],"system":[15,21],"designers":[16],"are":[17,58],"increasingly":[18],"using":[19,41,118],"electronic":[20],"level":[22],"(ESL)":[23],"design":[24,79,110,156,171],"tools.":[25,98,203],"ESL":[26,97,155,169,202],"tool":[27],"sales":[28],"were":[29],"around":[30],"$460":[31],"million":[32],"in":[33,107,151],"2011.":[34],"The":[35,123],"value":[36],"ICs":[39],"designed":[40],"these":[42],"tools":[43],"is":[44],"at":[45],"least":[46],"an":[47,101,168],"magnitude":[50],"more.":[51],"Concurrently,":[52],"advanced":[53],"reverse":[55,174],"engineering":[56,69],"techniques":[57,70],"being":[59],"developed":[60,187],"used":[62],"by":[63,96,200],"attackers.":[64],"response,":[66],"several":[67],"anti-reverse":[68],"have":[71],"been":[72,116],"proposed":[73],"for":[74],"integration":[75],"into":[76,167],"flow.":[80],"An":[81],"important":[82],"class":[83],"defenses":[85,196],"hardens":[86],"controllers":[88],"that":[89,163],"orchestrate":[90],"functionality":[92],"designs":[94,198],"generated":[95,199],"We":[99,158,176,191],"demonstrate":[100,192],"attack":[102,124,194],"recover":[104],"controller":[106,114,120,131,134],"any":[108],"ESL-generated":[109],"even":[111],"if":[112],"has":[115],"hardened":[117],"state-of-the-art":[119,201],"hardening":[121],"techniques.":[122],"analyzes":[125],"unhardened":[127],"parts":[128],"(i.e.,":[132],"output":[135],"logic":[136],"datapath)":[138],"reconciles":[140],"this":[141],"information":[142],"architectural,":[145],"controller,":[146],"timing":[148],"constraints":[149],"implicit":[150],"underlying":[153],"all":[154],"methodologies.":[157],"then":[159],"propose":[160],"a":[161,178],"countermeasure":[162],"inserts":[164],"decoy":[165],"connections":[166],"tool-generated":[170],"thwart":[173],"engineering.":[175],"introduce":[177],"security":[179],"metric":[180],"quantify":[182],"effectiveness":[184],"attacks":[188],"defenses.":[190],"on":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}