{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2000901835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","title":"Optimizating Emerging Nonvolatile Memories for Dual-Mode Applications: Data Storage and Key Generator","display_name":"Optimizating Emerging Nonvolatile Memories for Dual-Mode Applications: Data Storage and Key Generator","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2000901835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","mag":"2000901835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030341301","display_name":"Le Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-5229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085588788","display_name":"Xuanyao Fong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-7389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanyao Fong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029335324","display_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chip-Hong Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102243210","display_name":"Zhi Hui Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4522-796X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Hui Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031161187","display_name":"Kaushik Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-9695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1607,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95624001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"7","first_page":"1176","last_page":"1187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7823696732521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-refresh","display_name":"Memory refresh","score":0.6487938761711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.606239378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.6012424230575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interleaved-memory","display_name":"Interleaved memory","score":0.5255290865898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5190842151641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.49653011560440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.48494938015937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.46785834431648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.46721401810646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.4531668424606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-amplifier","display_name":"Sense amplifier","score":0.4476034343242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.44089895486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.427334189414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-memory","display_name":"Phase-change memory","score":0.42727091908454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-data-storage","display_name":"Computer data storage","score":0.42375072836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.418123722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/registered-memory","display_name":"Registered memory","score":0.41517484188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4135904908180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.1776653528213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11501672863960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10164496302604675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7823696732521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87907426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815755","display_name":"Memory refresh","level":4,"score":0.6487938761711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.606239378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.6012424230575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.5255290865898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5190842151641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.49653011560440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.48494938015937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.46785834431648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.46721401810646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.4531668424606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32666082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7450979","display_name":"Sense amplifier","level":3,"score":0.4476034343242645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.44089895486831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.427334189414978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64142963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153902","display_name":"Phase-change memory","level":3,"score":0.42727091908454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194739806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Computer data storage","level":2,"score":0.42375072836875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.418123722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93446704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449328","display_name":"Registered memory","level":3,"score":0.41517484188079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4135904908180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.1776653528213501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11501672863960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10164496302604675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133256868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180940","display_name":"Phase change","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2015.2427251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/156184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/156184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052290","display_name":"National University of Singapore","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Elements","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6692300178","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2013-T2-2-017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306087","display_name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/047z4n946"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59294937","https://openalex.org/W1516014584","https://openalex.org/W1530625153","https://openalex.org/W1532483809","https://openalex.org/W1552514439","https://openalex.org/W1922829621","https://openalex.org/W1980459528","https://openalex.org/W1984854275","https://openalex.org/W1991813033","https://openalex.org/W2003423506","https://openalex.org/W2004823737","https://openalex.org/W2006412300","https://openalex.org/W2007001029","https://openalex.org/W2011612927","https://openalex.org/W2013367563","https://openalex.org/W2017827600","https://openalex.org/W2019564883","https://openalex.org/W2025535306","https://openalex.org/W2035429180","https://openalex.org/W2035494214","https://openalex.org/W2035925590","https://openalex.org/W2040579068","https://openalex.org/W2054637470","https://openalex.org/W2064996819","https://openalex.org/W2067242107","https://openalex.org/W2078512400","https://openalex.org/W2080240202","https://openalex.org/W2096445739","https://openalex.org/W2096470311","https://openalex.org/W2099319333","https://openalex.org/W2101944588","https://openalex.org/W2109272991","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2114924497","https://openalex.org/W2115255494","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2129883611","https://openalex.org/W2130282462","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2132621842","https://openalex.org/W2138436606","https://openalex.org/W2141626281","https://openalex.org/W2147784592","https://openalex.org/W2149930948","https://openalex.org/W2150047813","https://openalex.org/W2153885989","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2154941994","https://openalex.org/W2156728623","https://openalex.org/W2163619044","https://openalex.org/W2171779727","https://openalex.org/W2175377689","https://openalex.org/W2510112886","https://openalex.org/W2526202524","https://openalex.org/W2785506110","https://openalex.org/W3144904247","https://openalex.org/W3145398211","https://openalex.org/W3152241699","https://openalex.org/W4231232484","https://openalex.org/W4234063673","https://openalex.org/W4237353293","https://openalex.org/W4250392962","https://openalex.org/W6602440995","https://openalex.org/W6633313671","https://openalex.org/W6640248849","https://openalex.org/W6666570405","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6679357471","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6683132901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242495027","https://openalex.org/W2019238062","https://openalex.org/W1690307066","https://openalex.org/W2100773763","https://openalex.org/W2181798140","https://openalex.org/W2151587677","https://openalex.org/W4285257158","https://openalex.org/W4238754064","https://openalex.org/W2898989424","https://openalex.org/W2017498175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memory-based":[0],"physical":[1],"unclonable":[2],"functions":[3],"(PUFs)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"studied":[7],"and":[8,54,72,114,165,168],"developed":[9],"as":[10,162,171],"powerful":[11],"primitives":[12,164],"to":[13,32,45,79,123,150],"generate":[14],"device-specific":[15],"random":[16,47,73,81,87],"keys,":[17],"which":[18],"can":[19],"be":[20],"used":[21,44],"for":[22,111],"various":[23],"security":[24,57,161],"applications.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,35,39,70,86,98,104,108,125,151],"existing":[28],"memory-based":[29,66,155],"PUFs":[30,158],"need":[31],"safely":[33],"buffer":[34],"data":[36,56,99,172],"bits":[37,100],"in":[38,50,103],"memory":[40,77,113,132],"before":[41],"it":[42],"is":[43],"produce":[46,80],"bits,":[48],"resulting":[49],"additional":[51],"area/energy":[52],"consumption":[53],"potential":[55],"issues.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,117],"propose":[63,119],"a":[64,120],"new":[65],"PUF":[67,94,115],"that":[68],"exploits":[69],"nonvolatility":[71],"variability":[74],"of":[75,91,129,154],"emerging":[76,130],"technologies":[78],"bits.":[82],"Unlike":[83],"conventional":[84,152],"implementations,":[85],"bit":[88],"generation":[89],"process":[90],"our":[92,147],"proposed":[93],"does":[95],"not":[96],"disturb":[97],"already":[101],"stored":[102],"memory.":[105],"To":[106],"satisfy":[107],"quality":[109],"requirements":[110],"both":[112],"applications,":[116],"also":[118],"general":[121],"method":[122],"find":[124],"optimal":[126],"design":[127,137],"point":[128],"nonvolatile":[131],"(eNVM)-based":[133],"PUF.":[134],"An":[135],"illustrative":[136],"using":[138,146],"spin-transfer":[139],"torque":[140],"magnetic":[141],"RAM":[142],"exhibits":[143],"desirable":[144],"results":[145],"method.":[148],"Compared":[149],"types":[153],"PUFs,":[156],"eNVM-based":[157],"features":[159],"enhanced":[160],"cryptographic":[163],"lower":[166],"area":[167],"energy":[169],"cost":[170],"storage.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}