{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972684504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","title":"Security Vulnerabilities of Emerging Nonvolatile Main Memories and Countermeasures","display_name":"Security Vulnerabilities of Emerging Nonvolatile Main Memories and Countermeasures","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972684504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","mag":"1972684504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079732524","display_name":"Sachhidh Kannan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachhidh Kannan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079088715","display_name":"Naghmeh Karimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5825-6637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naghmeh Karimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059987567","display_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0782-0397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozgur Sinanoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, New York University, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648257","display_name":"Ramesh Karri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Karri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7683,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91059267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"2","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7926299571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.7609226107597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.637443482875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6100558042526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5504530072212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.5235419273376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-memory","display_name":"Phase-change memory","score":0.507750391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.48908883333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.47945085167884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.45939064025878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.417472779750824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28061234951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12914839386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10573732852935791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7926299571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.7609226107597351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.637443482875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6100558042526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5504530072212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.5235419273376465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64142963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153902","display_name":"Phase-change memory","level":3,"score":0.507750391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.48908883333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.47945085167884827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.45939064025878906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.417472779750824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28061234951019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12914839386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10573732852935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133256868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180940","display_name":"Phase change","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2369741","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1555915743","https://openalex.org/W1559498407","https://openalex.org/W1985113724","https://openalex.org/W1986389668","https://openalex.org/W1987201308","https://openalex.org/W1997933199","https://openalex.org/W2008901850","https://openalex.org/W2026734991","https://openalex.org/W2056858041","https://openalex.org/W2070339839","https://openalex.org/W2097733820","https://openalex.org/W2107270529","https://openalex.org/W2112181056","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2116557123","https://openalex.org/W2117710488","https://openalex.org/W2124608923","https://openalex.org/W2125223858","https://openalex.org/W2126112620","https://openalex.org/W2130657217","https://openalex.org/W2134623309","https://openalex.org/W2135275278","https://openalex.org/W2135393827","https://openalex.org/W2139203854","https://openalex.org/W2149324048","https://openalex.org/W2161330443","https://openalex.org/W2167677691","https://openalex.org/W2170551143","https://openalex.org/W2998915116","https://openalex.org/W4255358864","https://openalex.org/W6825343983"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214773815","https://openalex.org/W3204477689","https://openalex.org/W2783549708","https://openalex.org/W2146894037","https://openalex.org/W2550153070","https://openalex.org/W2942190539","https://openalex.org/W1983958623","https://openalex.org/W2178010602","https://openalex.org/W2110321764","https://openalex.org/W2078067390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"nonvolatile":[1,17],"memory":[2],"devices":[3],"such":[4,37,81],"as":[5,38,82],"phase":[6],"change":[7],"memories":[8,19],"and":[9,14,40,70,124],"memristors":[10],"are":[11,21],"replacing":[12],"SRAM":[13],"DRAM.":[15],"However,":[16],"main":[18],"(NVMM)":[20],"susceptible":[22],"to":[23,87,99,116],"probing":[24],"attacks":[25,103],"even":[26],"when":[27],"powered":[28],"down.":[29],"This":[30],"way,":[31],"they":[32],"may":[33,105],"compromise":[34],"sensitive":[35],"data":[36,90],"passwords":[39],"keys":[41],"that":[42,104],"reside":[43],"in":[44,84,92],"the":[45,78,89,118],"NVMM.":[46,95],"To":[47],"eliminate":[48],"this":[49],"vulnerability,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"sneak-path":[53],"encryption":[54,59],"(SPE),":[55],"a":[56,93,100,112,136],"hardware":[57],"intrinsic":[58],"technique":[60],"for":[61],"memristor-based":[62,94],"NVMMs.":[63,109],"SPE":[64,76,96,130],"is":[65,97],"instruction":[66],"set":[67],"architecture":[68],"independent":[69],"has":[71],"minimal":[72],"impact":[73,120],"on":[74,108],"performance.":[75],"exploits":[77],"physical":[79],"parameters,":[80],"sneak-paths":[83],"crossbar":[85],"memories,":[86],"encrypt":[88],"stored":[91],"resilient":[98],"number":[101],"of":[102,121],"be":[106],"performed":[107],"We":[110],"use":[111],"cycle":[113],"accurate":[114],"simulator":[115],"evaluate":[117],"performance":[119,138],"SPE-based":[122],"NVMM":[123,134],"compare":[125],"against":[126],"other":[127],"security":[128],"techniques.":[129],"can":[131],"secure":[132],"an":[133],"with":[135],"~1.3%":[137],"overhead.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}