{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415624798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3625641","title":"RapidSnail: Improve Scalability of Blockchain Under High Contention Workload","display_name":"RapidSnail: Improve Scalability of Blockchain Under High Contention Workload","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415624798","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3625641"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3625641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3625641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041001775","display_name":"Jing Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9107-8377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Sun Yat-sen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066482792","display_name":"Wuhui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4430-7904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuhui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University and Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","Sun Yat-sen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University and Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101482691","display_name":"Jianting Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-9716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","Purdue University, the United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, the United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373718","display_name":"Xiao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-507X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Sun Yat-sen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062162392","display_name":"Ting Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0245-333X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China","Hubei University of Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072659343","display_name":"Hong\u2010Ning Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-4196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong-Ning Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012731436","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","Sun Yat-sen University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sun Yat-sen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041001775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45094923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"1","first_page":"261","last_page":"274"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6640999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6640999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.15279999375343323,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.09640000015497208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.7882000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6696000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrency","display_name":"Concurrency","score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concurrency-control","display_name":"Concurrency control","score":0.4115999937057495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.7882000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6696000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.6068999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5525000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193702766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414548","display_name":"Concurrency","level":2,"score":0.4625000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84511453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914952","display_name":"Concurrency control","level":3,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.3824000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88196245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034984","display_name":"Working set","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306359","display_name":"Atomicity","level":3,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778869765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6028363","display_name":"Inefficiency","level":2,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150495011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128392","display_name":"Concurrent computing","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3625641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3625641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011395086","https://openalex.org/W2083342911","https://openalex.org/W2118382442","https://openalex.org/W2302689651","https://openalex.org/W2394555589","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2571118757","https://openalex.org/W2604961016","https://openalex.org/W2725226870","https://openalex.org/W2754332001","https://openalex.org/W2948269220","https://openalex.org/W2975871742","https://openalex.org/W2982402713","https://openalex.org/W3017072639","https://openalex.org/W3022662270","https://openalex.org/W3029785470","https://openalex.org/W3133278644","https://openalex.org/W3173353540","https://openalex.org/W3196908569","https://openalex.org/W3198515637","https://openalex.org/W3203603928","https://openalex.org/W3211824869","https://openalex.org/W3217650101","https://openalex.org/W4220853208","https://openalex.org/W4220883364","https://openalex.org/W4221007779","https://openalex.org/W4226245973","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4310053206","https://openalex.org/W4312765110","https://openalex.org/W4313173675","https://openalex.org/W4319986878","https://openalex.org/W4390659797","https://openalex.org/W4403600595","https://openalex.org/W4408970633","https://openalex.org/W4409657232"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Execute-Order-Validate":[1],"(EOV)":[2],"framework":[3,20,60,99,210],"has":[4],"been":[5],"used":[6],"to":[7,49,103,110,140,158,177,183,206],"improve":[8],"the":[9,18,32,44,50,58,80,107,112,137,142,155,160,165,179,185,189,199,207,219,231,238,242],"scalability":[10],"of":[11,37],"blockchains":[12],"by":[13,201,222],"concurrently":[14,187],"executing":[15],"transactions.":[16],"However,":[17],"EOV":[19,59,98,209,244],"also":[21],"poses":[22],"a":[23,96,125,131,172],"critical":[24],"performance":[25],"issue.":[26],"Specifically,":[27],"when":[28],"multiple":[29],"transactions":[30,102,162,186],"access":[31],"same":[33],"data,":[34],"only":[35],"one":[36],"them":[38],"can":[39,71],"be":[40,72],"committed":[41],"eventually":[42],"while":[43],"others":[45],"are":[46],"aborted":[47],"due":[48],"strong":[51],"concurrency":[52,132],"control":[53],"restriction.":[54],"This":[55],"inefficiency":[56],"makes":[57],"far":[61],"from":[62],"practicality":[63],"since":[64],"there":[65],"always":[66],"exist":[67],"hotspot":[68,120],"variables":[69],"that":[70,100,196],"frequently":[73],"accessed":[74],"in":[75,116,136,154,188,230,237],"real-world":[76],"scenarios,":[77],"such":[78,117],"as":[79],"Fungible":[81],"Token":[82,86],"(FT)":[83],"and":[84,130,224,234],"Non-Fungible":[85],"(NFT)":[87],"online":[88],"marketplace.":[89],"In":[90],"this":[91],"paper,":[92],"we":[93,146,170],"propose":[94,124,147,171],"RapidSnail,":[95],"novel":[97],"enables":[101],"execute":[104],"based":[105,163],"on":[106,164],"uncommitted":[108],"data":[109],"reduce":[111],"transaction":[113],"abort":[114,220],"rate":[115,221],"scenarios":[118],"with":[119],"variables.":[121],"We":[122],"first":[123],"new":[126,166,180],"read-write":[127,167,181],"set":[128,182],"representation":[129],"execution":[133,138],"schedule":[134,175],"algorithm":[135,153,176],"phase":[139,157,233,240],"maintain":[141],"concurrent":[143,173],"efficiency.":[144],"Then":[145],"an":[148],"effect-based":[149],"conflict":[150,161],"graph":[151],"construction":[152],"order":[156,232],"handle":[159],"set.":[168],"Finally,":[169],"commitment":[174],"adopt":[178],"validate":[184],"validation":[190,239],"phase.":[191],"Our":[192],"experiment":[193],"results":[194],"show":[195],"RapidSnail":[197,217],"increases":[198],"throughput":[200],"at":[202,226],"least":[203,227],"4\u00d7":[204,228],"compared":[205],"state-of-the-art":[208],"under":[211],"high":[212],"contention":[213],"workload.":[214],"More":[215],"specifically,":[216],"reduces":[218],"50%,":[223],"achieves":[225],"speedup":[229,236],"2.94\u00d7":[235],"over":[241],"existing":[243],"frameworks.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-29T00:00:00"}
