{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413075439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3589688","title":"A Highly Scalable Network Architecture for Optical Data Centers","display_name":"A Highly Scalable Network Architecture for Optical Data Centers","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413075439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3589688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3589688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3589688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039941317","display_name":"Weibei Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1255-5815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weibei Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1255-5815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111253249","display_name":"Yao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0474-5103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0474-5103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100602821","display_name":"Fu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1815-2793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041554124","display_name":"Pinchang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-7238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinchang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-7238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106558017","display_name":"Lei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4507-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4507-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103047340","display_name":"Sun\u2010Yuan Hsieh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-3179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sun-Yuan Hsieh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-3179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66307108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"10","first_page":"3433","last_page":"3447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7575196027755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.546440839767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5420668125152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.486114501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3756442964076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3255299925804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15429136157035828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7575196027755737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.546440839767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5420668125152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.486114501953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3756442964076996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3255299925804138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15429136157035828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3589688","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3589688","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1658212056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301279","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1872422098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2226031556","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302235","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1011307319","https://openalex.org/W1592776038","https://openalex.org/W2020049895","https://openalex.org/W2097926925","https://openalex.org/W2119638333","https://openalex.org/W2126210439","https://openalex.org/W2127965136","https://openalex.org/W2141810662","https://openalex.org/W2486960733","https://openalex.org/W2551623175","https://openalex.org/W2572267193","https://openalex.org/W2800927234","https://openalex.org/W2801812796","https://openalex.org/W2895829868","https://openalex.org/W2980615180","https://openalex.org/W3046344355","https://openalex.org/W3164465569","https://openalex.org/W4205472884","https://openalex.org/W4206030905","https://openalex.org/W4206329058","https://openalex.org/W4210381327","https://openalex.org/W4226519314","https://openalex.org/W4235070244","https://openalex.org/W4283208081","https://openalex.org/W4285741288","https://openalex.org/W4309675765","https://openalex.org/W4362689842","https://openalex.org/W4365790307","https://openalex.org/W4376481196","https://openalex.org/W4376648874","https://openalex.org/W4385453124","https://openalex.org/W4386249621","https://openalex.org/W4386709690","https://openalex.org/W4388272324","https://openalex.org/W4399939221","https://openalex.org/W4401213177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389214306","https://openalex.org/W2965083567","https://openalex.org/W4235240664","https://openalex.org/W1838576100","https://openalex.org/W2095886385","https://openalex.org/W2889616422","https://openalex.org/W2089704382","https://openalex.org/W1983399550","https://openalex.org/W4401278057","https://openalex.org/W2038503502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"Data":[1],"Center":[2],"Networks":[3],"(ODCNs)":[4],"are":[5,164],"high-performance":[6],"interconnect":[7],"architectures":[8],"in":[9,139,162,168,187],"parallel":[10],"and":[11,17,31,68,76,94,175,191,215,225,235],"distributed":[12],"computing,":[13],"providing":[14],"higher":[15],"bandwidth":[16],"lower":[18],"power":[19],"consumption.":[20],"However,":[21],"current":[22],"optical":[23,59,160,170],"DCNs":[24],"struggle":[25],"to":[26,82,129,153,166,206],"achieve":[27],"both":[28],"high":[29],"scalability":[30,33,84,89,99],"incremental":[32,116],"simultaneously.":[34],"In":[35,101],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"we":[38,63,142],"propose":[39,143],"an":[40,119],"extended":[41],"<italic":[42],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[43,46],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Ex</i>changed":[44],"hyper<italic":[45],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Cube</i>,":[47],"denoted":[48],"by":[49,196,233],"ExCube,":[50,72],"which":[51,79],"is":[52,127],"a":[53,144],"highly":[54],"scalable":[55],"network":[56],"architecture":[57],"for":[58,71],"data":[60,193],"centers.":[61],"Firstly,":[62],"detail":[64],"the":[65,103,131,150,155,222],"address":[66],"scheme":[67],"constructing":[69],"method":[70],"including":[73,91,212],"exponential,":[74,92],"linear,":[75,93],"composite":[77,95],"scalability,":[78,96],"can":[80],"adapt":[81],"different":[83,137],"requirements.":[85,100],"ExCube":[86,106,163,184,202,229],"boasts":[87],"flexible":[88],"modes,":[90],"meeting":[97],"diverse":[98],"particular,":[102],"diameter":[104,214],"of":[105,157,189,228],"remains":[107],"unchanged":[108],"as":[109,173],"its":[110,178],"size":[111],"increases":[112],"linearly,":[113],"indicating":[114],"superior":[115],"scalability.":[117],"Secondly,":[118],"efficient":[120],"routing":[121],"algorithm":[122,147],"with":[123,219],"linear":[124],"time":[125,195],"complexity":[126],"presented":[128],"determine":[130],"shortest":[132],"path":[133],"between":[134],"any":[135],"two":[136],"ToRs":[138],"ExCube.":[140,158],"Additionally,":[141],"per-flow":[145],"scheduling":[146],"based":[148],"on":[149],"disjoint":[151],"paths":[152],"enhance":[154],"performance":[156,205],"The":[159],"devices":[161],"identical":[165],"those":[167],"existing":[169],"DCNs,":[171],"such":[172],"WaveCube":[174,186,207],"OSA,":[176],"facilitating":[177],"construction.":[179],"Experimental":[180],"results":[181],"demonstrate":[182],"that":[183,201],"outperforms":[185],"terms":[188],"throughput":[190],"reduces":[192],"transmission":[194],"5%-35%.":[197],"Further":[198],"analysis":[199],"reveals":[200],"maintains":[203],"comparable":[204],"across":[208],"several":[209],"critical":[210],"metrics,":[211],"low":[213],"link":[216],"complexity.":[217],"Compared":[218],"advanced":[220],"networks,":[221],"overall":[223],"cost-effectiveness":[224],"energy":[226],"efficiency":[227],"have":[230],"been":[231],"reduced":[232],"36.7%":[234],"46.5%,":[236],"respectively.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-07T14:30:12.667765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}