{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412171622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3587470","title":"ML-PTA: A Two-Stage ML-Enhanced Framework for Accelerating Nonlinear DC Circuit Simulation With Pseudo-Transient Analysis","display_name":"ML-PTA: A Two-Stage ML-Enhanced Framework for Accelerating Nonlinear DC Circuit Simulation With Pseudo-Transient Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412171622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3587470"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3587470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3587470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057257864","display_name":"Zhou Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-9494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204553293","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/041qf4r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0632-9494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8433-3003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204553293","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/041qf4r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8433-3003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063086391","display_name":"Haojie Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-5657"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haojie Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huada Empyrean Software Company Ltd., Beijing, China","Huada Empyrean Software Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4665-5657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huada Empyrean Software Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huada Empyrean Software Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056028046","display_name":"Xiaru Zha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-2334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204553293","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/041qf4r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaru Zha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-2334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042298145","display_name":"Yichao Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9399-4337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichao Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9399-4337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002380189","display_name":"Xiang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-948X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-948X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7013-6234"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huada Empyrean Software Company Ltd., Beijing, China","Huada Empyrean Software Co., Ltd, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7013-6234","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huada Empyrean Software Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huada Empyrean Software Co., Ltd, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020944070","display_name":"Dan Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-7946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-7946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020806445","display_name":"Wei Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei W. Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3177-8478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057257864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204553293","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6372,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84600677,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"10","first_page":"3319","last_page":"3331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10361","display_name":"Silicon Carbide Semiconductor Technologies","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-analysis","display_name":"Transient analysis","score":0.713129460811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.6377211213111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6194370985031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5075501203536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4628654420375824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.33529728651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient-response","display_name":"Transient response","score":0.328548789024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24874389171600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.19759470224380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11565235257148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11544743180274963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989121073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1309019","display_name":"Transient analysis","level":3,"score":0.713129460811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6377211213111877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6194370985031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5075501203536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4628654420375824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.33529728651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85761212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1974593","display_name":"Transient response","level":2,"score":0.328548789024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24874389171600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.19759470224380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11565235257148743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11544743180274963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3587470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3587470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1502779918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62204265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6989002749","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92473107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8358214648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62374031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8667409048","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62234010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1580993858","https://openalex.org/W1995834577","https://openalex.org/W2014040354","https://openalex.org/W2021053613","https://openalex.org/W2030909247","https://openalex.org/W2042020725","https://openalex.org/W2066063421","https://openalex.org/W2076337359","https://openalex.org/W2076804553","https://openalex.org/W2227740812","https://openalex.org/W2478040551","https://openalex.org/W2912803644","https://openalex.org/W2989851762","https://openalex.org/W3016764502","https://openalex.org/W3123603070","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4240673812","https://openalex.org/W4291202462","https://openalex.org/W4293025176","https://openalex.org/W4296208713","https://openalex.org/W4323022540","https://openalex.org/W4386159999","https://openalex.org/W4388240184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2758798772","https://openalex.org/W2081338125","https://openalex.org/W4406350055","https://openalex.org/W4239924455","https://openalex.org/W2001630809","https://openalex.org/W777979701","https://openalex.org/W2014796125","https://openalex.org/W4244925124","https://openalex.org/W2669128877","https://openalex.org/W1985471711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"current":[1],"(DC)":[2],"analysis":[3,19,28],"lies":[4],"at":[5],"the":[6,60,104,136,140,164,189,195],"heart":[7],"of":[8,139,178],"integrated":[9],"circuit":[10],"design":[11],"in":[12,26,29,63,125,185],"seeking":[13],"DC":[14,27],"operating":[15],"points.":[16],"Although":[17],"pseudo-transient":[18],"(PTA)":[20],"methods":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"widely":[24],"used":[25,88],"both":[30],"industry":[31],"and":[32,37,43,97,120,151,172,192],"academia,":[33],"their":[34,52],"initial":[35,92,190],"parameters":[36,93],"stepping":[38],"strategy":[39],"require":[40],"expert":[41],"knowledge":[42,83],"labor":[44],"tuning":[45],"to":[46,66,89,101,129,147,155,182],"deliver":[47],"efficient":[48,71],"performance,":[49],"which":[50,80],"hinders":[51],"further":[53,102,134],"applications.":[54],"In":[55],"this":[56],"paper,":[57],"we":[58,116,143],"leverage":[59],"latest":[61],"advancements":[62],"machine":[64],"learning":[65,110,137,146,154],"deploy":[67],"PTA":[68,95],"with":[69],"more":[70],"setups":[72],"for":[73,94,188,194],"different":[74],"problems.":[75],"More":[76],"specifically,":[77],"active":[78],"learning,":[79],"automatically":[81],"draws":[82],"from":[84],"other":[85],"circuits,":[86,179],"is":[87],"provide":[90,156],"suitable":[91],"solver,":[96],"then":[98],"calibrate":[99],"on-the-fly":[100],"accelerate":[103],"simulation":[105],"process":[106],"using":[107],"TD3-based":[108],"reinforcement":[109],"(RL).":[111],"To":[112,133],"expedite":[113],"model":[114],"convergence,":[115],"introduce":[117,152],"dual":[118],"agents":[119],"a":[121,157,167,176],"public":[122],"sampling":[123],"buffer":[124],"our":[126],"RL":[127,141,196],"method":[128],"enhance":[130],"sample":[131],"utilization.":[132],"improve":[135,148],"efficiency":[138],"agent,":[142],"incorporate":[144],"imitation":[145],"reward":[149],"function":[150],"supervised":[153],"better":[158],"dual-agent":[159],"rotation":[160],"strategy.":[161],"We":[162],"make":[163],"proposed":[165],"algorithm":[166],"general":[168],"out-of-the-box":[169],"SPICE-like":[170],"solver":[171],"assess":[173],"it":[174],"on":[175],"variety":[177],"demonstrating":[180],"up":[181],"3.10\u00d7":[183],"reduction":[184],"NR":[186],"iterations":[187],"stage":[191],"285.71\u00d7":[193],"stage.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
