{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413135124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3584530","title":"AXI-REALM: Safe, Modular and Lightweight Traffic Monitoring and Regulation for Heterogeneous Mixed-Criticality Systems","display_name":"AXI-REALM: Safe, Modular and Lightweight Traffic Monitoring and Regulation for Heterogeneous Mixed-Criticality Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413135124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3584530"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3584530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3584530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085591358","display_name":"Thomas Benz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-9676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Benz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017154351","display_name":"Alessandro Ottaviano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9924-3536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Ottaviano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103240177","display_name":"Chaoqun Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0556-7758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoqun Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057338073","display_name":"Robert Balas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7231-9315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Balas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052915995","display_name":"Angelo Garofalo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7495-6895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angelo Garofalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000981593","display_name":"Francesco Restuccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-1888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California, San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Restuccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072482410","display_name":"Alessandro Biondi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-9336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162290304","display_name":"Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna","ror":"https://ror.org/025602r80","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Biondi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162290304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023905268","display_name":"Davide Rossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0651-5393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043408422","display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35440088","display_name":"ETH Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Integrated Systems Laboratory (IIS), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085591358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35440088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5582,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88622118,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"9","first_page":"3072","last_page":"3086"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.7642661333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.7105588316917419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6830151081085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40674692392349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.353908896446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1359257996082306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.061327219009399414}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.7642661333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.7105588316917419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6830151081085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40674692392349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.353908896446228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1359257996082306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.061327219009399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3584530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3584530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1025792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1025792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964796696","https://openalex.org/W1984887461","https://openalex.org/W2040626009","https://openalex.org/W2076285066","https://openalex.org/W2141577907","https://openalex.org/W2769328306","https://openalex.org/W2799818814","https://openalex.org/W2920103512","https://openalex.org/W2920648274","https://openalex.org/W2945035822","https://openalex.org/W2965760992","https://openalex.org/W3000062206","https://openalex.org/W3034646868","https://openalex.org/W3036169239","https://openalex.org/W3092347650","https://openalex.org/W3184118166","https://openalex.org/W3209852019","https://openalex.org/W3212841069","https://openalex.org/W4280634470","https://openalex.org/W4293243640","https://openalex.org/W4295934592","https://openalex.org/W4389296275","https://openalex.org/W4401568232","https://openalex.org/W4402440616","https://openalex.org/W4403277317","https://openalex.org/W4405785139","https://openalex.org/W4406727864","https://openalex.org/W4410552844","https://openalex.org/W6731783927","https://openalex.org/W6766818676","https://openalex.org/W6799232404"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2376759283","https://openalex.org/W3008607579","https://openalex.org/W126231364","https://openalex.org/W2279399181","https://openalex.org/W2333336726","https://openalex.org/W2963698000","https://openalex.org/W2061430247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"automotive":[1],"industry":[2],"is":[3,113],"transitioning":[4],"from":[5],"federated,":[6],"homogeneous,":[7],"interconnected":[8],"devices":[9],"to":[10,18,26,66,82,116,179,203],"integrated,":[11],"heterogeneous,":[12],"mixed-criticality":[13,158],"systems":[14],"(MCS).":[15],"This":[16],"leads":[17],"challenges":[19],"in":[20,131,222],"achieving":[21],"timing":[22],"predictability":[23,89],"techniques":[24],"due":[25],"access":[27,51,199],"contention":[28],"on":[29,44,75,90,188],"shared":[30,53],"resources,":[31,54],"which":[32],"can":[33,176,214],"be":[34,215],"mitigated":[35],"using":[36],"hardware-based":[37],"spatial":[38],"and":[39,62,79,98,105,118,135],"temporal":[40],"isolation":[41],"techniques.":[42],"Focusing":[43],"the":[45,48,103,108,165,173,182,189,197,211,219,225],"interconnect":[46,109,166,190],"as":[47],"point":[49],"of":[50,107,150,181,210,224],"for":[52],"we":[55,170],"propose":[56],"AXI-REALM,":[57],"a":[58,71,95,127,132,157,161],"lightweight,":[59],"modular,":[60],"technology-independent,":[61],"open-source":[63,144],"real-time":[64,91],"extension":[65],"AXI4":[67],"interconnects.":[68],"AXI-REALM":[69,93,141],"uses":[70],"budget-based":[72],"mechanism":[73],"enforced":[74],"periodic":[76],"time":[77],"windows":[78],"transfer":[80],"fragmentation":[81],"provide":[83,126],"fair":[84],"arbitration,":[85],"coupled":[86],"with":[87,160,167],"execution":[88],"workloads.":[92],"features":[94],"comprehensive":[96],"bandwidth":[97,221],"latency":[99,200],"monitor":[100],"at":[101],"both":[102],"ingress":[104],"egress":[106],"system.":[110],"Latency":[111],"information":[112],"also":[114],"used":[115],"detect":[117],"reset":[119],"malfunctioning":[120],"subordinates,":[121],"preventing":[122],"missed":[123],"deadlines.":[124],"We":[125],"detailed":[128],"cost":[129],"assessment":[130],"12nm":[133],"node":[134],"an":[136,143,147],"end-to-end":[137],"case":[138],"study":[139],"implementing":[140],"into":[142],"MCS,":[145],"incurring":[146],"area":[148],"overhead":[149],"less":[151],"than":[152],"2":[153],"%.":[154],"When":[155],"running":[156],"workload,":[159],"time-critical":[162],"application":[163,175],"sharing":[164],"non-critical":[168],"applications,":[169],"demonstrate":[171],"that":[172],"critical":[174,226],"achieve":[177],"up":[178,202],"68.2%":[180],"isolated":[183,212],"performance":[184],"by":[185,201,217],"enforcing":[186],"fairness":[187],"traffic":[191],"through":[192],"burst":[193],"fragmentation,":[194],"thus":[195],"reducing":[196],"subordinate":[198],"24":[204],"times.":[205],"Near-ideal":[206],"performance,":[207],"(above":[208],"95%":[209],"performance)":[213],"achieved":[216],"distributing":[218],"available":[220],"favor":[223],"application.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}