{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410087188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3566874","title":"THEMIS: Time, Heterogeneity, and Energy Minded Scheduling for Fair Multi-Tenant Use in FPGAs","display_name":"THEMIS: Time, Heterogeneity, and Energy Minded Scheduling for Fair Multi-Tenant Use in FPGAs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410087188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3566874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3566874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3566874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028983037","display_name":"Emre Karabulut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-4108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Karabulut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Washington, WA, USA","Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1606-4108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Washington, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Oxford","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037025670","display_name":"Arsalan Ali Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-0898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arsalan Ali Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh., NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7477-0898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh., NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017485096","display_name":"Amro Awad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-463X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amro Awad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-463X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Oxford","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062027964","display_name":"Ayd\u0131n Aysu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aydin Aysu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh., NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5530-8710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh., NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.1432,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95093923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"7","first_page":"2515","last_page":"2528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4932093024253845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4932093024253845}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3566874","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3566874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G185000524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-21-1-2809","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1556219","https://openalex.org/W1993830474","https://openalex.org/W2000036939","https://openalex.org/W2012114780","https://openalex.org/W2030305913","https://openalex.org/W2078199441","https://openalex.org/W2080556528","https://openalex.org/W2097831241","https://openalex.org/W2104400866","https://openalex.org/W2105520014","https://openalex.org/W2148513374","https://openalex.org/W2154363663","https://openalex.org/W2169333805","https://openalex.org/W2279541644","https://openalex.org/W2299112634","https://openalex.org/W2343363904","https://openalex.org/W2489262679","https://openalex.org/W2521149585","https://openalex.org/W2533645807","https://openalex.org/W2807281109","https://openalex.org/W2808743727","https://openalex.org/W3005368569","https://openalex.org/W3010835436","https://openalex.org/W3011348040","https://openalex.org/W3024783453","https://openalex.org/W3105720117","https://openalex.org/W3135137132","https://openalex.org/W3155140196","https://openalex.org/W3183712254","https://openalex.org/W4221159620","https://openalex.org/W4232862146","https://openalex.org/W4283656503","https://openalex.org/W4308219428","https://openalex.org/W4322496341","https://openalex.org/W6637174817","https://openalex.org/W6639249596","https://openalex.org/W6756378822","https://openalex.org/W6809979497","https://openalex.org/W6876864761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"correct":[1],"design":[2],"metrics":[3,25,67],"and":[4,26,51,68,85,120,150,161,179,202,228,255],"understanding":[5],"the":[6,9,42,103,109,116,145,151,174,207,211],"limitations":[7],"of":[8,31,45,147,153,156,177,181,213],"underlying":[10],"technology":[11],"is":[12,37],"critical":[13],"to":[14,39,88,112,209,217],"developing":[15],"effective":[16],"scheduling":[17,21,30,60,117,166,187,222,248],"algorithms.":[18],"Unfortunately,":[19],"existing":[20],"techniques":[22],"used":[23,203],"incorrect":[24],"hadun-realisticassumptions":[27],"for":[28,70,132,250],"fair":[29,59,165,186],"multi-tenant":[32,72],"FPGAs":[33],"where":[34],"each":[35],"tenant":[36],"aimed":[38],"share":[40],"approximately":[41],"same":[43,104],"number":[44],"resources":[46],"both":[47,83],"spatially":[48],"(in":[49,53],"space)":[50],"temporally":[52],"time).This":[54],"paper":[55,241],"proposes":[56],"an":[57],"improved":[58,164,221],"algorithm":[61,126,167,223],"that":[62,97],"fixes":[63],"earlier":[64],"issues":[65],"with":[66,168,198,252],"assumptions":[69],"\u2018fair\u2019":[71],"FPGA":[73,141,208],"use.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"we":[76,81,107,135,183],"claim":[77],"three":[78,170],"improvements.":[79],"First,":[80],"consider":[82,136],"spatial":[84],"temporal":[86],"aspects":[87],"provide":[89],"spatiotemporal":[90],"fairness\u2014this":[91],"improves":[92],"a":[93,230],"recent":[94],"prior":[95],"work":[96],"assumed":[98],"all":[99],"tasks":[100],"would":[101],"have":[102],"latency.":[105],"Second,":[106],"add":[108],"energy":[110,123,130,235],"dimension":[111],"fairness:":[113],"by":[114,173],"calibrating":[115],"decision":[118],"intervals":[119],"including":[121],"their":[122],"overhead,":[124],"our":[125,163,185,192,214,220],"offers":[127],"trading":[128],"off":[129],"efficiency":[131],"fairness.":[133,239],"Third,":[134],"previously":[137],"ignored":[138],"facts":[139],"about":[140,246],"multi-tenancy,":[142],"such":[143],"as":[144],"existence":[146],"heterogeneous":[148],"regions":[149],"inflexibility":[152],"run-time":[154],"merging/splitting":[155],"partially":[157],"reconfigurable":[158],"regions.We":[159],"develop":[160],"evaluate":[162],"these":[169],"enhancements.":[171],"Inspired":[172],"Greek":[175],"goddess":[176],"law":[178],"personification":[180],"justice,":[182],"name":[184],"solution":[188,193],"THEMIS:Time,Heterogeneity,":[189],"andEnergyMindedScheduling.We":[190],"implemented":[191],"on":[194,206],"Xilinx":[195],"Zedboard":[196],"XC7Z020":[197],"real":[199,204],"hardware":[200],"workloads":[201],"measurements":[205],"quantify":[210],"savings":[212],"approach.":[215],"Compared":[216],"previous":[218],"algorithms,":[219],"enhances":[224],"fairness":[225,251],"between":[226,232],"24.2\u201398.4%":[227],"allows":[229],"trade-off":[231],"55.3\u00d7":[233],"in":[234,238],"vs.":[236],"69.3\u00d7":[237],"The":[240],"thus":[242],"informs":[243],"cloud":[244],"providers":[245],"future":[247],"optimizations":[249],"related":[253],"challenges":[254],"opportunities.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-05-06T00:00:00"}